Gender inequalities in diet quality and their socioeconomic patterning in a nutrition transition context in the Middle East and North Africa: a cross-sectional study in Tunisia

Abassi, Mohamed Mehdi; Sassi, Sonia; El Ati, Jalila; Ben Gharbia, Houda; Delpeuch, Francis; Traissac, Pierre

doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0442-6

Table 4 Diet quality gender inequalities by geographic and socioeconomic variables, 29–40 y. in Greater Tunis

From: Gender inequalities in diet quality and their socioeconomic patterning in a nutrition transition context in the Middle East and North Africa: a cross-sectional study in Tunisia

			Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I)								Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) > 60
	Women	Men	Women		Men		Women vs. men				Women	Men	Women vs. men
	n	n	Mean^a	SEM^b	Mean^a	SEM^b	Crude Diff.^c	95% CI^d	Adjusted Diff.^e	95% CI^d	%^f	%^f	Crude OR^g	95% CI^h	Adjusted ORⁱ	95% CI^h
Area							P^j = 0.25		P^j = 0.30				P^j = 0.17		P^j = 0.079
Urban	1437	774	58.5	0.3	60.4	0.4	−1.9	−2.7, − 1.0	−1.7	−2.9, −0.6	44.2	55.3	0.6	0.5, 0.8	0.7	0.5, 0.9
Rural	214	120	59.5	0.5	60.4	0.7	−1.0	−2.3, 0.3	−0.8	−2.6, 1.0	57.0	60.0	0.9	0.6, 1.4	1.0	0.6, 1.7
Governorates							P^j = 0.81		P^j = 0.61				P^j = 0.76		P^j = 0.66
Tunis	680	360	58.8	0.4	60.1	0.6	−1.3	−2.6, −0.1	− 1.0	−2.4, 0.5	44.7	52.4	0.7	0.5, 1.0	0.8	0.6, 1.2
Ariana	365	208	57.6	0.9	59.8	0.6	−2.2	−4.3, −0.1	− 2.1	− 4.3, 0.0	41.4	56.1	0.6	0.4, 0.8	0.6	0.4, 1.0
Ben Arous	343	210	58.7	0.6	60.7	0.6	−2.0	−3.5, −0.5	−1.9	−3.4, −0.5	46.3	58.1	0.6	0.4, 0.9	0.6	0.4, 1.0
Manouba	263	116	59.2	0.7	61.4	0.8	−2.2	−4.1, −0.3	− 2.3	−4.5, −0.1	50.0	60.3	0.7	0.4, 1.0	0.7	0.4, 1.0
Age (years)							P ^j = 0.048		P^j = 0.11				P^j = 0.18		P^j = 0.51
20–29	497	248	56.4	0.5	59.3	0.6	−2.9	−4.5, −1.3	− 2.2	−4.2, −0.2	35.1	51.3	0.5	0.4, 0.7	0.6	0.4, 1.1
30–39	486	261	59.4	0.4	61.1	0.5	−1.6	−2.6, −0.6	−2.0	−3.4, −0.6	50.7	58.5	0.7	0.6, 0.9	0.7	0.5, 1.0
40–49	668	385	60.5	0.3	61.1	0.4	−0.6	−1.7, 0.4	−0.4	−2.0, 1.2	52.7	59.0	0.8	0.6, 1.0	0.9	0.6, 1.3
Marital status							P^j = 0.058		P^j = 0.98				P^j = 0.066		P^j = 0.74
Married	1057	607	59.9	0.3	61.1	0.3	−1.3	−2.0, −0.5	− 1.7	−3.2, − 0.1	52.1	59.3	0.7	0.6, 0.9	0.7	0.5, 1.1
Other	594	287	56.5	0.5	59.3	0.6	−2.8	−4.3, −1.3	−1.7	−3.2, −0.2	34.6	50.9	0.5	0.4, 0.7	0.7	0.4, 1.0
Household size							P^j = 0.30		P^j = 0.13				P^j = 0.39		P^j = 0.28
1–3	234	147	59.5	0.4	61.2	0.7	−1.7	−2.9, −0.4	− 1.0	−2.4, 0.4	49.8	57.9	0.7	0.5, 1.0	0.9	0.6, 1.3
4–5	900	508	59.2	0.3	60.5	0.4	−1.3	−2.1, −0.5	− 1.1	−2.1, − 0.1	48.2	56.1	0.7	0.6, 0.9	0.8	0.6, 1.3
6 or more	517	239	57.6	0.5	60.0	0.6	−2.4	−3.9, −0.9	− 2.4	−4.1, − 0.8	40.6	54.7	0.6	0.4, 0.8	0.6	0.4, 0.9
Education							P^j = 0.0006		P^j = 0.12				P^j = 0.0042		P^j = 0.16
No formal schooling	179	40	60.1	0.6	63.0	1.4	−2.9	−5.8, −0.1	−3.3	−6.4, − 0.2	52.1	78.0	0.3	0.1, 0.9	0.3	0.1, 0.9
Primary school	601	316	59.8	0.4	60.4	0.5	−0.5	−1.8, 0.7	−0.9	−2.5, 0.8	52.0	57.4	0.8	0.6, 1.1	0.8	0.5, 1.2
Secondary	567	377	58.0	0.4	59.4	0.5	−1.4	−2.6, −0.2	−1.1	−2.4, 0.3	42.2	48.9	0.8	0.6, 1.0	0.9	0.6, 1.2
University	304	161	56.9	0.7	62.5	0.8	−5.6	−7.5, −3.7	−3.7	−5.9, −1.5	36.9	66.6	0.3	0.2, 0.5	0.5	0.3, 0.9
Professional activity							P^j = 0.26		P^j = 0.90				P^j = 0.11		P^j = 0.80
Upper/intermediate	169	264	58.4	0.9	61.0	0.6	−2.6	−4.5, −0.7	−1.0	−2.9, 0.9	42.5	56.3	0.6	0.3, 1.0	0.7	0.4, 1.3
Employee/worker	374	504	57.9	0.5	60.1	0.4	−2.2	−3.7, −0.7	−1.9	−3.3, − 0.5	44.6	56.3	0.6	0.4, 0.9	0.7	0.4, 1.0
Not working/retired	934	61	59.6	0.3	60.3	0.9	−0.7	−2.7, 1.3	−1.7	−3.8, 0.3	49.9	47.6	1.1	0.6, 1.9	0.9	0.5, 1.6
Student	174	65	55.9	0.8	60.0	1.4	−4.1	−7.3, −0.9	−1.8	−5.4, 1.8	30.3	56.3	0.3	0.2, 0.7	0.5	0.2, 1.3
Household welfare proxy							P^j = 0.12		P^j = 0.47				P^j = 0.31		P^j = 0.68
Lower tertile	566	288	58.8	0.4	60.1	0.4	−1.3	−2.5, −0.2	−1.5	−3.0, −0.1	47.0	55.3	0.7	0.5, 1.0	0.7	0.5, 1.0
Intermediate tertile	542	312	59.1	0.4	60.2	0.6	−1.2	−2.5, 0.2	−1.2	−3.0, 0.6	48.5	55.7	0.8	0.5, 1.1	0.8	0.5, 1.3
Upper tertile	543	294	57.8	0.5	60.7	0.6	−2.9	−4.3, −1.5	− 2.3	−3.7, −0.8	39.9	56.1	0.5	0.4, 0.8	0.6	0.4, 0.9

^aCrude weighted mean (accounting for unequal probabilities of selection and differential response rates)
^bSEM: standard error of the mean taking into account sampling design
^cCrude women vs. men difference of means within category of co-variable as in column 1
^dDiff. 95% confidence interval taking into account sampling design
^eAdjusted women vs. men difference of means within category of socio-demographic variable: multivariate model including all variables in first column, energy intake and interactions with gender
^fCrude weighted prevalence (accounting for unequal probabilities of selection and differential response rates)
^gCrude women vs. men (DQI-I > 60) prevalence odds-ratio (OR) within category of covariable as in column 1
^hOR 95% confidence interval taking into account sampling design
ⁱAdjusted women vs. men (DQI-I > 60) prevalence odds-ratio (OR) within category of socio-demographic variable: multivariate model including all variables in first column, energy intake and interactions with gender
^jCrude or adjusted P value for gender x variable interaction: null hypothesis of identical gender contrasts (difference of means or OR) in all categories of socio-demographic variable

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