Table 4 Regression coefficients (with 95% confidence intervals)a for dietary quality, measured by food-based DHD15 -index and nutrient-based NRD9.3, and diet-related environmental impact, measured by GHGE, FE, LU, and pReCiPe, using observed and de-attenuated 24-h recall (24hR)-values, and observed and calibrated FFQ-values, for different methods of energy adjustment in the total population
From: FFQ versus repeated 24-h recalls for estimating diet-related environmental impact
Response variables | DHD15-index (based on 2 replicates of 24hR) | NRD9.3 (based on 2 replicates of 24hR) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explanatory variables | Observed values | Observed residuals | Density residuals | Observed values | Observed residuals | Density residuals | ||||||
β | (95%CI) | β | (95%CI) | β | (95%CI) | β | (95%CI) | β | (95%CI) | β | (95%CI) | |
GHGE, per 1 kgCO2e/d | ||||||||||||
 24hR as observed | -3.3 | (-4.1; -2.4) | -3.3 | (-4.1; -2.4) | -2.7 | (-3.5; -1.8) | -0.2 | (-0.9; 0.6) | -0.2 | (-0.9; 0.6) | -0.4 | (-1.1; 0.3) |
 De-attenuated 24hR | -11.3 | (-14.1;-8.4) | -14.5 | (-18.0;-10.9) | -8.3 | (-10.8; -5.8) | -0.5 | (-3.1; 2.0) | -0.7 | (-4.0; 2.7) | -1.2 | (-3.3; 1.0) |
 FFQ as observed | -3.9 | (-5.7; -2.0) | -3.9 | (-5.7; -2.0) | -3.9 | (-5.8; -2.0) | 1.0 | (-0.5; 2.5) | 1.0 | (-0.5; 2.5) | 1.1 | (-0.5; 2.6) |
 Calibrated FFQ | -8.3 | (-10.8;-5.8) | -10.8 | (-13.6; -8.0) | -7.7 | (-9.8; -5.5) | 0.9 | (-1.2; 3.2) | 0.8 | (-1.7; 3.4) | -0.1 | (-2.0; 1.8) |
FE, per 5 MJ/d | ||||||||||||
 24hR as observed | -1.3 | (-2.1; -0.5) | -1.3 | (-2.1; -0.5) | -0.8 | (-1.6; -0.1) | 1.3 | (0.7; 2.0) | 1.3 | (0.7; 2.0) | 0.7 | (0.1; 1.3) |
 De-attenuated 24hR | -2.9 | (-4.8; -1.1) | -3.6 | (-5.8; -1.3) | -1.8 | (-3.4; -0.2) | 3.1 | (1.5; 4.6) | 2.3 | (1.9; 5.7) | 1.5 | (0.2; 2.7) |
 FFQ as observed | -1.7 | (-3.1; -0.3) | -1.7 | (-3.1; -0.3) | -1.6 | (-3.0; -0.2) | 2.3 | (1.2; 3.4) | 2.3 | (1.2; 3.4) | 2.4 | (1.2; 3.5) |
 Calibrated FFQ | -2.5 | (-4.3; -0.8) | -3.1 | (-5.0; -1.3) | -1.9 | (-3.3; -0.5) | 3.6 | (2.1; 5.0) | 3.8 | (2.3; 5.4) | 2.1 | (0.9; 3.3) |
LU, per 1 m2*year/d | ||||||||||||
 24hR as observed | -3.2 | (-3.9; -2.5) | -3.2 | (-3.9; -2.5) | -2.6 | (-3.2; -2.0) | -0.6 | (-1.2; -0.1) | -0.6 | (-1.2; -0.1) | -0.9 | (-1.4; -0.4) |
 De-attenuated 24hR | -10.4 | (-12.5; -8.3) | -13.2 | (-15.8;-10.6) | -7.4 | (-9.1; -5.6) | -2.1 | (-4.0; -0.2) | -2.7 | (-5.1; -0.3) | -2.6 | (-4.1; -1.1) |
 FFQ as observed | -6.3 | (-7.8; -4.7) | -6.3 | (-7.8; -4.7) | -6.2 | (-7.7; -4.7) | 0.2 | (-1.1; 1.5) | 0.2 | (-1.1; 1.5) | 0.1 | (-1.2; 1.4) |
 Calibrated FFQ | -9.6 | (-11.4; -7.7) | -11.4 | (-13.3; -9.4) | -8.0 | (-9.4; -6.4) | -0.8 | (-2.4; 0.9) | -0.9 | (-2.7; 0.9) | -1.7 | (-3.0; -0.4) |
pReCiPe, per 0.1 | ||||||||||||
 24hR as observed | -3.3 | (-4.1; -2.5) | -3.3 | (-4.1; -2.5) | -2.6 | (-3.3; -1.9) | -0.3 | (-0.9; 0.4) | -0.3 | (-0.9; 0.4) | -0.6 | (-1.2;0.0) |
 De-attenuated 24hR | -10.0 | (-12.3; -7.7) | -12.9 | (-15.7; -9.9) | -7.1 | (-9.1; -5.2) | -0.8 | (-2.9; 1.2) | -1.1 | (-3.7; 1.6) | -1.6 | (-3.3; 0.0) |
 FFQ as observed | -5.1 | (-6.8; -3.4) | -5.1 | (-6.8; -3.4) | -5.1 | (-10.3; -5.1) | 0.9 | (-0.5; 2.3) | 0.9 | (-0.5; 2.3) | 0.9 | (-0.5; 2.4) |
 Calibrated FFQ | -8.6 | (-10.7; -6.5) | -10.6 | (-12.8; -8.3) | -7.3 | (-9.0; -5.5) | 0.5 | (-1.3; 2.4) | 0.4 | (-1.6; 2.5) | -0.6 | (-2.1; 0.9) |