Comparison of two low-fat diets, differing in protein and carbohydrate, on psychological wellbeing in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial

Watson, Nerylee Ann; Dyer, Kathryn Ann; Buckley, Jonathan David; Brinkworth, Grant David; Coates, Alison Mary; Parfitt, Gaynor; Howe, Peter Ranald Charles; Noakes, Manny; Murphy, Karen Joy

doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0367-5

Table 3 Generic psychological wellbeing questionnaire scores at each time point (weeks 0, 12, 24) by allocated diet

From: Comparison of two low-fat diets, differing in protein and carbohydrate, on psychological wellbeing in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial

				Weight Loss	Weight Maintenance	Complete Study	P values
	Week 0	Week 12	Week 24	Mean Change (Weeks 0–12)	Mean Change (Weeks 12–24)	Mean Change (Weeks 0–24)	Group	Time	Group x Time
SF-36 Health Survey^a
Physical Functioning^b				3.23 ± 1.38^c	0.14 ± 1.47	3.37 ± 1.52^c	0.87	0.002	0.83
HP	80.44 ± 2.68	82.54 ± 3.17	84.73 ± 3.04
M	87.89 ± 3.24	93.72 ± 3.86	92.89 ± 4.03	5.83 ± 2.60^c	−0.83 ± 2.74	5.00 ± 2.82
F	72.00 ± 3.42	70.24 ± 4.07	75.20 ± 4.25	−1.77 ± 2.64	4.96 ± 2.86	3.20 ± 2.87
HC	72.00 ± 3.42	85.10 ± 3.30	83.18 ± 3.18
M	86.94 ± 3.31	89.81 ± 3.81	85.52 ± 3.96	2.87 ± 2.34	−4.29 ± 2.54	−1.42 ± 2.55
F	73.08 ± 3.67	80.01 ± 4.54	82.25 ± 4.89	6.93 ± 3.09	2.24 ± 3.54	9.17 ± 3.55^c
Role Limitations due to Physical Health				4.28 ± 1.81^a	−5.15 ± 2.05	− 0.87 ± 1.99	0.88	0.03	0.31
HP	82.64 ± 3.01	89.08 ± 3.23	84.35 ± 3.75
HC	86.21 ± 3.14	88.34 ± 3.34	82.77 ± 3.92
Bodily Pain^b				0.72 ± 3.79	−5.97 ± 3.57	−5.26 ± 2.35	0.83	0.05	0.88
HP	69.43 ± 3.66	68.55 ± 4.76	63.13 ± 4.43
M	68.16 ± 5.00	78.83 ± 6.26	68.58 ± 6.12	10.67 ± 6.89	−10.25 ± 6.60	0.42 ± 4.26
F	70.53 ± 5.27	57.26 ± 6.54	56.94 ± 6.46	−13.27 ± 7.17	−0.33 ± 6.92	−13.60 ± 4.32^c
HC	68.75 ± 3.84	71.05 ± 4.97	64.53 ± 4.64
M	74.06 ± 5.10	76.14 ± 5.84	66.05 ± 6.02	2.08 ± 6.50	−10.09 ± 6.24	−8.01 ± 3.83
F	61.59 ± 5.75	61.80 ± 8.06	65.67 ± 7.48	0.21 ± 8.73	3.87 ± 8.64	4.08 ± 5.65
General Health				9.29 ± 2.49^c	−1.19 ± 2.27	8.11 ± 2.33^c	0.99	0.001	0.89
HP	59.77 ± 3.52	70.14 ± 3.23	68.05 ± 3.50
HC	60.66 ± 3.67	68.88 ± 3.32	68.60 ± 3.65
Vitality							0.76	0.001	0.03^d
HP	56.09 ± 3.20	68.42 ± 2.69	63.10 ± 3.43	12.3 ± 2.8^d	−5.3 ± 2.6	7.0 ± 2.6^c
HC	58.71 ± 3.36	60.83 ± 2.81	64.45 ± 3.59	2.1 ± 2.9	3.6 ± 2.8	5.7 ± 2.7
Social Functioning				−3.16 ± 3.22	0.62 ± 3.55	−2.54 ± 2.04	0.69	0.34	0.76
HP	87.90 ± 3.31	86.06 ± 4.68	84.22 ± 3.78
HC	86.21 ± 3.45	81.73 ± 4.81	84.80 ± 3.96
Role Limitations due to Emotional Problems				0.61 ± 2.29	−2.93 ± 2.02	− 2.31 ± 1.90	0.68	0.27	0.96
HP	87.65 ± 2.84	88.77 ± 3.72	85.26 ± 3.78
HC	86.08 ± 2.99	86.19 ± 3.88	83.85 ± 3.95
Mental Health				2.59 ± 1.85	−1.65 ± 1.94	0.94 ± 1.75	0.54	0.39	0.68
HP	76.59 ± 2.83	80.32 ± 2.95	76.97 ± 2.89
HC	74.77 ± 2.98	76.22 ± 3.09	76.27 ± 3.02
Physical Component Summary^b				1.82 ± 0.83	−0.93 ± 0.85	0.90 ± 0.75	0.67	0.10	0.79
HP	49.04 ± 0.95	50.69 ± 1.33	50.32 ± 1.27
M	50.25 ± 1.25	54.36 ± 1.73	52.51 ± 1.67	4.10 ± 1.51^c	−1.85 ± 1.57	2.26 ± 1.28
F	47.61 ± 1.32	46.67 ± 1.81	47.72 ± 1.76	− 0.93 ± 1.55	1.05 ± 1.64	0.12 ± 1.30
HC	49.80 ± 1.00	51.79 ± 1.39	50.31 ± 1.33
M	51.51 ± 1.27	52.41 ± 1.65	49.52 ± 1.63	0.89 ± 1.38	−2.89 ± 1.45	− 1.99 ± 1.15
F	47.44 ± 1.44	51.46 ± 2.17	52.98 ± 2.07	4.02 ± 1.96	1.52 ± 2.10	5.54 ± 1.68^c
Mental Component Summary				0.65 ± 1.13	− 0.55 ± 1.04	0.10 ± 0.86	0.49	0.83	0.29
HP	51.80 ± 1.49	53.68 ± 1.54	51.48 ± 1.53
HC	51.03 ± 1.57	50.46 ± 1.60	51.56 ± 1.60
Perceived Stress Scale − 10 (scores 0–40)^b				−1.63 ± 0.73	1.65 ± 0.76	0.02 ± 0.99	0.38	0.02	0.85
HP	14.56 ± 1.24	12.80 ± 1.14	14.87 ± 1.50
M	12.65 ± 1.69	11.88 ± 1.53	14.24 ± 2.00	−0.76 ± 1.35	2.36 ± 1.44	1.60 ± 1.80
F	16.73 ± 1.80	13.85 ± 1.61	15.61 ± 2.10	−2.88 ± 1.41	1.76 ± 1.51	− 1.12 ± 1.88
HC	13.24 ± 1.30	11.74 ± 1.19	12.98 ± 1.57
M	13.13 ± 1.75	10.04 ± 1.49	10.44 ± 1.92	−3.09 ± 1.29	0.40 ± 1.34	− 2.69 ± 1.69
F	13.39 ± 1.94	14.80 ± 1.88	17.65 ± 2.49	1.42 ± 1.68	2.85 ± 1.95	4.26 ± 2.28
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire
Quality of Sleep^e				−5.6 ± 2.6	1.7 ± 2.6	−3.9 ± 2.9	0.51	0.10	0.41
HP	39.3 ± 5.3	30.3 ± 4.5	32.9 ± 3.8
HC	39.2 ± 5.4	37.0 ± 4.7	37.8 ± 4.0

Data reported as means ± SEM analyzed using mixed-models with group and time as fixed-factors. ^dValues for males (M) and females (F) are reported only where a significant group x time x sex interaction was found: SF-36 physical functioning (P = 0.04); SF-36 bodily pain (P = 0.02); SF-36 physical component summary (P = 0.002); PSS-10 (P = 0.03). ^aSignificant difference < 0.001 level (two-tailed). ^bSignificant difference < 0.05 level (two-tailed). Post-hoc comparisons were performed with Bonferroni’s adjustments for multiple comparisons where a significant effect was seen. Unless indicated otherwise, scores range from 0 – 100. Lower scores indicate an improvement in wellbeing except for ^c where higher scores indicate better QoL. ^eAnalysis on completers only (HP: n = 20, HC: n = 20)

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