Dietary patterns and physical activity in the metabolically (un)healthy obese: the Dutch Lifelines cohort study

Slagter, Sandra N.; Corpeleijn, Eva; van der Klauw, Melanie M.; Sijtsma, Anna; Swart-Busscher, Linda G.; Perenboom, Corine W. M.; de Vries, Jeanne H. M.; Feskens, Edith J. M.; Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H. R.; Kromhout, Daan; van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V.

doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0319-0

Nutrition Journal

Table 2 Macronutrient intake, lifestyle factors and education level according to metabolic health phenotype

From: Dietary patterns and physical activity in the metabolically (un)healthy obese: the Dutch Lifelines cohort study

	Men			Women
	MUO	Intermediate	MHO	MUO	Intermediate	MHO
N	1959 (56.9)	1131 (32.9) ^b	352 (10.2) ^b	2058 (35.3)	2348 (40.3) ^b	1422 (24.4) ^b
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2072 ± 488	2088 ± 496	2084 ± 492	1724 ± 443	1722 ± 451	1731 ± 465
Protein (% EI)	15.7 ± 2.3	15.6 ± 2.4	15.7 ± 2.5	16.4 ± 2.7	16.5 ± 2.7	16.4 ± 2.7
Plant	6.1 ± 1.0	6.1 ± 1.0	6.2 ± 1.1	6.1 ± 1.0	6.1 ± 0.9	6.1 ± 1.0
Animal	9.5 ± 2.5	9.4 ± 2.6	9.6 ± 2.8	10.4 ± 2.9	10.4 ± 2.8	10.3 ± 2.9
Carbohydrates (% EI)	45.0 ± 6.1	44.9 ± 6.4	45.2 ± 6.3	46.2 ± 6.3	46.0 ± 6.1	45.9 ± 6.2
Mono- and disaccharides	19.6 ± 5.8	19.5 ± 5.5	19.7 ± 5.3	20.6 ± 5.8	20.6 ± 5.4	20.5 ± 5.2
Polysaccharides	25.4 ± 4.8	25.3 ± 4.8	25.4 ± 4.7	25.5 ± 4.4	25.3 ± 4.5	25.3 ± 4.6
Fat (% EI)	36.0 ± 5.1	36.0 ± 5.1	36.0 ± 4.6	35.9 ± 5.4	35.9 ± 5.2	36.1 ± 5.1
Use of (self-) prescribed diet (%)	5.1	4.9	6.6	12.6	12.2	10.6
Dietary pattern score (Z-scores)
Savory snacks and sweets	−0.06	−0.01	0.38 ^*	−0.30	−0.01	0.46 ^b
Alcohol and meat	0.02	0.04	−0.23	0.08	0.03	−0.16 ^a
Bread, potatoes and sweet snacks	0.01	0.02	−0.11	0.24	−0.05	−0.25 ^b
Fruit, vegetables and fish	−0.03	0.05	0.00	−0.13	0.03	0.15 ^a
MVPA (min/week)	285 [60–960]	360 [120–999] ^a	360 [140–1337] ^a	230 [60–600]	270 [100–646] ^a	242 [90–720] ^a
Moderate PA score
T1 ‘low’	45.7	43.4	41.5	48.0	43.2 ^a	43.1^a
T2 ‘middle’	21.1	21.9	23.6	20.8	23.2	20.7
T3 ‘high’	33.2	34.7	34.9	31.2	33.6	36.1^a
Vigorous PA score
T1 ‘low’	36.1	31.2 ^a	25.9 ^a	36.2	33.6	32.5
T2 ‘middle’	33.5	33.7	30.4	30.0	31.0	33.1
T3 ‘high’	30.4	35.1^a	43.8 ^b	33.8	35.5	34.4
Smoking (%)
Non	33.4	40.5 ^a	47.7 ^b	41.2	46.8 ^a	49.2 ^b
Former	42.0	41.8	36.6	38.6	38.9	37.9
Current	24.6	17.7 ^b	15.6 ^a	20.2	14.3 ^b	12.9 ^b
Alcohol use (%)
Non	15.0	9.7 ^b	9.1^*	39.2	31.4 ^b	27.8 ^b
≤ 2 drinks	70.4	75.5 ^a	79.3 ^a	58.0	65.4^b	70.0 ^b
> 2 drinks	14.7	14.8	11.6	2.8	3.2	2.3
Education level (%)
Low	39.7	39.4	36.4	46.8	40.1^b	32.2 ^b
Middle	37.8	38.0	41.5	39.3	42.0	43.0
High	22.5	22.5	22.2	13.8	17.9 ^a	24.8 ^b

Data is presented as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range]. * denotes a P ≤ 0.05, ^a denotes a P ≤ 0.01, and ^b denotes a P ≤ 0.0001. EI energy intake, MUO metabolically unhealthy obesity, MHO metabolically healthy obesity, MVPA moderate-vigorous physical active, PA physical activity. Education level: low (no formal education, only primary school or intermediate vocational education), middle (higher secondary education) or high (higher vocational education and university)

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