Table 1 Clinical characteristics according to metabolic health group

N

1959 (56.9)

1131 (32.9) ^b

352 (10.2) ^b

2058 (35.3)

2348 (40.3) ^b

1422 (24.4) ^b

Age (years)

49.4 ± 9.4

49.6 ± 9.5

45.3 ± 8.6 ^b

50.6 ± 9.4

48.3 ± 9.9 ^b

44.9 ± 8.3 ^b

BMI (kg/m²)

32.2 [30.9–34.3]

31.8 [30.7–33.4] ^b

31.4 [30.7–32.9] ^b

33.6 [31.5–36.7]

32.8 [31.2–35.4] ^b

32.1 [30.9–34.4] ^b

Waist circumference (cm)

113.0 ± 9.0

111.1 ± 8.2 ^b

108.9 ± 7.2 ^b

108.0 ± 10.7

104.0 ± 9.6 ^b

101.4 ± 8.9 ^b

Systolic BP (mmHg)

139 ± 14

137 ± 14 ^b

122 ± 6 ^b

135 ± 15

131 ± 16 ^b

118 ± 7 ^b

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

81 ± 9

81 ± 9

74 ± 5 ^b

77 ± 9

75 ± 9 ^b

70 ± 6 ^b

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.5 [5.1–6.2]

5.2 [5.0–5.6] ^b

5.2 [4.9–5.5] ^b

5.5 [5.0–6.3]

5.0 [4.7–5.4] ^b

4.9 [4.7–5.2] ^b

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.02 ± 0.21

1.28 ± 0.25 ^b

1.33 ± 0.20 ^b

1.20 ± 0.27

1.48 ± 0.33 ^b

1.58 ± 0.26 ^b

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

2.04 [1.60–2.72]

1.21 [0.96–1.50] ^b

1.08 [0.85–1.34] ^b

1.76 [1.25–2.21]

1.06 [0.82–1.35] ^b

0.91 [0.72–1.15] ^b

Type 2 diabetes * (%)

10.5

0.6 ^b

0.0

13.3

0.8 ^b

0.0

CVD history (%)

4.7

4.2

0.0

2.7

1.4

0.0

Use of BP lowering drugs

33.0

20.4 ^b

0.0

44.4

24.7 ^b

0.0