Table 1 Characteristics of 16 randomized controlled trials included in analysisa
Author, publication year | Sample Size | Study design | Details of participants selection | Sex (M/F) | Age (years)b | BMI (kg/m2)b | Intervention group | Control group | Duration (weeks) | Location | FBG at baseline (T vs. C)b | Outcomes of measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sumner, 2005 | 45 | R, DB, P | Patients with coronary heart disease | 40/5 | 69.0 ± 10.0 | 28.5 ± 5.6 | PJ consumption; 240 ml/day | Placebo (modified sports beverage) | 12 | USA | T: 113.0 ± 30.0 C: 116.0 ± 51.0 | FBG, HbA1C |
Cerda, 2006 | 30 | R, DB, P | Patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | NA | 61.7 ± 10.0 | 31.0 ± 5.4 | PJ consumption; 400 ml/day | Placebo | 5 | Spain | T: 114.5 ± 25.5 C: 113.7 ± 51.5 | FBG, |
Heber, 2007a | 42 | R, DB, P | Overweight individuals with increased waist size | NA | 40–70 | 33.5 ± 8.5 | PE extract; 710 mg/day | Placebo | 4 | USA | T1: 95.3 ± 10.4 T2: 89.2 ± 7.6 | FBG, |
Heber, 2007b | 41 | R, DB, P | Overweight individuals with increased waist size | NA | 40–70 | 33.5 ± 8.5 | PE extract; 1420 mg/day | Placebo | 4 | USA | T: 89.2 ± 7.6 C: 97.8 ± 9.0 | FBG, |
Mirmiran, 2010 | 45 | R, DB, P | Subjects with hyperlipidaemic | NA | 53.0 ± 9.0 | 27.7 ± 3.4 | PSO consumption; 400 mg/day | Placebo | 4 | Iran | NA | FBI, HOMA-IR |
González-Ortiz, 2011 | 20 | R, DB, P | Patients with obesity | NA | 37.3 ± 9.5 | 34.5 ± 3.7 | PJ consumption; 120 ml/day | Placebo | 4 | Mexico | T: 84.6 ± 5.4 C: 84.6 ± 9.0 | FBG, FBI |
Tsang, 2012 | 28 | R, DB, C | Healthy volunteers | 12/16 | 50.4 ± 6.1 | 26.8 ± 3.4 | PJ consumption; 500 ml/day | Placebo (water plus the equivalent carbohydrates) | 4 | UK | T: 88.0 ± 6.7 C: 83.7 ± 8.6 | FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR |
Asgary, 2014 | 21 | R, SB, P | Subjects with hypertension | 6/15 | 52.9 ± 10.8 | 27.4 ± 3.8 | PJ consumption; 150 ml/day | Placebo (water) | 2 | Iran | T: 90.1 ± 6.1 C: 87.8 ± 10.9 | FBG, FBI |
Park, 2014 | 77 | R, DB, P | Overweight women | 0/77 | 41.5 ± 12.5 | 28.4 ± 2.2 | PJ consumption; 200 ml/day | Placebo (beverage) | 8 | Korea | T: 98.5 ± 8.2 C: 97.1 ± 9.4 | FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR |
Sohrab, 2014 | 44 | R, DB, P | Patients with T2DM | NA | 55.9 ± 6.7 | 29.0 ± 4.0 | PJ consumption; 250 ml/day | Placebo | 12 | Iran | T: 160.3 ± 47.8 C: 148.7 ± 42.1 | FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR, HbA1C |
Hosseini, 2016 | 42 | R, DB, P | Overweight and obese individuals | NA | 30–60 | 31.8 ± 4.5 | PE supplementation; 1000 mg/day | Placebo | 4 | Australia | T: 98.6 ± 10.4 C: 99.6 ± 14.9 | FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR |
Faghihimani, 2016 | 74 | R, DB, P | Patients with T2DM | 26/52 | 50.0 ± 6.8 | 26.5 ± 2.6 | PSO capsules consumption; 2000 mg/day | Placebo(medium chain triacylglycerol) | 8 | Iran | T: 149.0 ± 39.0 C: 156.0 ± 56.0 | FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR, HbA1C |
Sohrab, 2016 | 60 | R, SB, P | Patients with T2DM | NA | 54.7 ± 8.4 | 27.3 ± 3.7 | PJ consumption; 200 ml/day | Placebo | 6 | Iran | T: 158.1 ± 41.1 C: 193.0 ± 63.3 | FBG, |
Fuster-Munoz, 2016a | 14 | R, DB, P | Endurance-based athletes | 14/0 | 35.3 ± 8.8 | NA | PJ consumption; 200 ml/day | seasonal fruit | 3 | Spain | T: 79.0 ± 8.0 C: 74.4 ± 9.5 | FBG, |
Fuster-Munoz, 2016b | 14 | R, DB, P | Endurance-based athletes | 14/0 | 35.3 ± 10.4 | NA | PJ diluted 1:1 with water consumption; 200 ml/day | seasonal fruit | 3 | Spain | T: 73.3 ± 8.0 C: 74.4 ± 9.5 | FBG, |
Moazzen, 2017 | 30 | R, DB, C | Patients with metabolic syndrome | 13/17 | 51.57 ± 10.0 | NA | PJ consumption; 500 ml/day | Placebo | 1 | Iran | T: 144.6 ± 11.9 C: 144.7 ± 12.3 | FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR |