Table 1 General characteristics of the 653 Ghanaian participants

n (%)

653

156 (23.9)

497 (76.1)

Age (years)

46.4 ± 15.3

46.0 ± 15.5

46.6 ± 15.3

FPG (mmol/l)

4.56 ± 0.71

4.58 ± 0.81

4.55 ± 0.67

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.18 (0.74)

1.12 (0.72)

1.19 (0.77)

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.02 (1.69)

3.73 (1.99)

4.11 (1.62)^a

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.40 ± 0.39

1.30 ± 0.39

1.42 ± 0.39^a

SES sum score

6.86 ± 2.38

7.02 ± 1.80

6.81 ± 2.54^a

Daily energy intake (kcal/day)

1911 ± 657

2215 ± 678

1816 ± 621^a

Daily energy expenditure (kcal/day)

1270 (776)

1372 (876)

1243 (779)^a

BMI (kg/m²)

25.8 ± 5.36

23.3 ± 3.81

26.6 ± 5.52^a

Waist:hip ratio

0.86 (0.10)

0.88 (0.10)

0.86 (0.10)^a

Family history of diabetes (% yes)

25.3

19.9

27.0

Lipid-lowering drugs (% yes)

1.84

3.21

1.41

Smoking (% current or quit)

4.4

17.3

0.4^a