Longitudinal 10-year changes in dietary intake and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study

Table 7 Change in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) per percent diet intake increase over a 10-year period based on multivariable regression analysis ^a,b

	Women (n = 8,354)		Men (n = 7,641)
	Beta ± SE	P	Beta ± SE	P
Joint model
Whole grain	−0.08 ± 0.18	0.68	−0.31 ± 0.23	0.19
PUFA^c	−0.32 ± 0.40	0.42	0.005 ± 0.39	0.99
Cholesterol^d	0.11 ± 0.39	0.78	0.94 ± 0.49	0.06
Trans-fatty acids^d	0.60 ± 0.58	0.30	2.40 ± 0.79	0.002
Sucrose	−0.66 ± 0.38	0.08	0.38 ± 0.32	0.22
Joint model R²	20.3%		20.3%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.8%		0.2%
Separate models
Healthy Diet Score	−0.60 ± 0.32	0.06	−1.70 ± 0.39	0.000
Joint model R²	26.2%		20.4%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.00%		0.1%
Diet Inflammatory Index	−0.006 ± 0.003	0.05	−0.001 ± 0.004	0.76
Joint model R²	26.2%		20.2%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.00%		0.00%

^aAdjusted for systolic blood pressure, year of study participation, age, education, smoking status and physical activity at the beginning of the period
^bAll dietary items expressed as percent change over the 10 year period; sucrose, PUFA, cholesterol and trans-fatty acids calculated as energy percent, and whole grain calculated as gram per 2000 kcal
^c PUFA poly-unsaturated fatty acids
^dFull model run with either cholesterol or trans-fatty acids separately, because of high collinearity between the two. Results for other items in the model are shown for model run with cholesterol; values were basically identical for model run with trans-fatty acids

ISSN: 1475-2891