Longitudinal 10-year changes in dietary intake and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study

Table 5 Change in serum cholesterol (mmol/l) per percent diet intake increase over a 10-year period based on multivariable regression analysis ^a,b

	Women (n = 8,354)		Men (n = 7,641)
	Beta ± SE	P	Beta ± SE	P
Joint model
Whole grain	−0.007 ± 0.01	0.52	−0.04 ± 0.02	0.004
PUFA^c	−0.02 ± 0.02	0.35	−0.04 ± 0.02	0.11
Cholesterol^d	0.16 ± 0.02	0.000	0.12 ± 0.03	0.000
Trans-fatty acids^d	0.28 ± 0.03	0.000	0.20 ± 0.05	0.000
Sucrose	0.02 ± 0.02	0.43	0.001 ± 0.02	0.96
Joint model R²	27.8%		21.6%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	1.1%		0.1%
Separate models
Healthy Diet Score	−0.03 ± 0.02	0.10	−0.13 ± 0.02	0.000
Joint model R²	27.0%		21.4%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.00%		0.2%
Diet Inflammatory Index	0.000 ± 0.000	0.60	0.000 ± 0.000	0.05
Joint model R²	26.9%		21.2%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.00%		0.00%

^aAdjusted for serum cholesterol, year of study participation, age, education, smoking status and physical activity at the beginning of the period
^bAll dietary items expressed as percent change over the 10 year period; sucrose, PUFA, cholesterol and trans-fatty acids calculated as energy percent, and whole grain calculated as gram per 2000 kcal
^c PUFA poly-unsaturated fatty acids
^dFull model run with either cholesterol or trans-fatty acids separately, because of high collinearity between the two. Results for other items in the model are shown for model run with cholesterol; values were basically identical for model run with trans-fatty acids

ISSN: 1475-2891