| |
N (%)
|
|---|
|
Daily Coffee Consumption, No. of Cups
|
|---|
| |
Male (n = 50439)
|
Female (n = 96391)
|
|---|
|
variable
|
None
|
<1
|
1 to 3
|
≥3
|
P-value†
|
None
|
<1
|
1 to 3
|
≥3
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Number
|
6493
|
10141
|
19473
|
14332
| |
18012
|
23015
|
40246
|
15118
| |
|
Age group (years)
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
49
|
1844 (28.4)
|
3277 (32.3)
|
6349 (32.6)
|
6090 (42.5)
| |
4536 (25.2)
|
8396 (36.5)
|
16276 (40.4)
|
8097 (53.6)
| |
|
50-59
|
2240 (34.5)
|
3619 (35.7)
|
6876 (35.3)
|
5037 (35.2)
| |
7347 (40.8)
|
9305 (40.4)
|
15865 (39.4)
|
5415 (35.8)
| |
|
60-69
|
2127 (32.8)
|
2887 (28.5)
|
5605 (28.8)
|
2948 (20.6)
| |
5574 (31.0)
|
4929 (21.4)
|
7558 (18.8)
|
1530 (10.1)
| |
|
70+
|
282 (4.3)
|
358 (3.5)
|
643 (3.3)
|
257 (1.8)
| |
555 (3.1)
|
385 (1.7)
|
547 (1.4)
|
76 (0.5)
| |
|
Marital status
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
Married
|
5693 (87.7)
|
8742 (86.2)
|
17540 (90.1)
|
12828 (89.5)
| |
14231 (79.0)
|
18193 (79.1)
|
33261 (82.6)
|
12450 (82.4)
| |
|
Single
|
457 (7.0)
|
775 (7.6)
|
1108 (5.7)
|
977 (6.8)
| |
2931 (16.3)
|
3245 (14.1)
|
5403 (13.4)
|
2097 (13.9)
| |
|
Education level
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
Under middle school
|
1733 (26.7)
|
2300 (22.7)
|
4395 (22.6)
|
3058 (21.3)
| |
8372 (46.5)
|
8802 (38.2)
|
14283 (35.5)
|
4164 (27.5)
| |
|
High school
|
2433 (37.5)
|
3985 (39.3)
|
7653 (39.3)
|
6002 (41.9)
| |
6258 (34.7)
|
9509 (41.3)
|
16963 (42.2)
|
6949 (46.0)
| |
|
College or more
|
2164 (33.3)
|
3664 (36.1)
|
7039 (36.2)
|
5005 (34.9)
| |
2411 (13.4)
|
3856 (16.8)
|
7597 (18.9)
|
3638 (24.1)
| |
|
Household Income (10,000 won/month)
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
< 200
|
1817 (28.0)
|
2637 (26.0)
|
4725 (24.3)
|
3134 (21.9)
| |
6362 (35.3)
|
6567 (28.5)
|
11286 (28.0)
|
3664 (24.2)
| |
|
200-400
|
2237 (34.5)
|
3628 (35.8)
|
7608 (39.1)
|
5927 (41.4)
| |
5522 (30.7)
|
7631 (33.2)
|
14634 (36.4)
|
5719 (37.8)
| |
|
> 400
|
1398 (21.5)
|
2276 (22.4)
|
4631 (23.8)
|
3643 (25.4)
| |
2481 (13.8)
|
4074 (17.7)
|
8100 (20.1)
|
3701 (24.5)
| |
|
Body mass index (kg/m2)
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
< 25
|
4333 (66.7)
|
6061 (59.8)
|
11528 (59.2)
|
8370 (58.4)
| |
13385 (74.3)
|
16223 (70.5)
|
27883 (69.3)
|
10560 (69.9)
| |
|
≥ 25
|
2133 (32.9)
|
4021 (39.7)
|
7879 (40.5)
|
5925 (41.3)
| |
4568 (25.4)
|
6681 (29.0)
|
12252 (30.4)
|
4505 (29.8)
| |
|
Smoking status
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
Non-smoker
|
2694 (41.5)
|
3500 (34.5)
|
5439 (27.9)
|
2547 (17.8)
| |
17596 (97.7)
|
22285 (96.8)
|
38765 (96.3)
|
13875 (91.8)
| |
|
Ex-smoker
|
2651 (40.8)
|
4204 (41.5)
|
8234 (42.3)
|
4935 (34.4)
| |
152 (0.8)
|
282 (1.2)
|
492 (1.2)
|
304 (2.0)
| |
|
Current smoker
|
1130 (17.4)
|
2420 (23.9)
|
5766 (29.6)
|
6830 (47.7)
| |
205 (1.1)
|
322 (1.4)
|
848 (2.1)
|
895 (5.9)
| |
|
Alcohol consumption
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
Non-drinker
|
1725 (26.6)
|
1913 (18.9)
|
3683 (18.9)
|
2976 (20.8)
| |
14679 (81.5)
|
15739 (68.4)
|
25434 (63.2)
|
8452 (55.9)
| |
|
Ex-drinker
|
704 (10.8)
|
806 (8.0)
|
1269 (6.5)
|
902 (6.3)
| |
361 (2.0)
|
563 (2.5)
|
748 (1.9)
|
348 (2.3)
| |
|
Current drinker
|
4051 (62.4)
|
7407 (73.0)
|
14491 (74.4)
|
10438 (72.8)
| |
2908 (16.1)
|
6604 (28.7)
|
13953 (34.7)
|
6276 (41.5)
| |
|
Regular exercise
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
2620 (40.4)
|
4065 (40.1)
|
8332 (42.8)
|
7068 (49.3)
| |
8816 (49.0)
|
10531 (45.8)
|
20246 (50.3)
|
8309 (55.0)
| |
|
Yes
|
3858 (59.4)
|
6054 (59.7)
|
11095 (57.0)
|
7249 (50.6)
| |
9143 (50.8)
|
12410 (53.9)
|
19910 (49.5)
|
6787 (44.9)
| |
|
Hypertension
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
4174 (64.3)
|
6400 (63.1)
|
12382 (63.6)
|
9967 (69.5)
| |
12613 (70.0)
|
16923 (73.5)
|
30334 (75.4)
|
12243 (81.0)
| |
|
Yes
|
2318 (35.7)
|
3737 (36.9)
|
7089 (36.4)
|
4363 (30.4)
| |
5383 (29.9)
|
6078 (26.4)
|
9897 (24.6)
|
2865 (19.0)
| |
|
Diabetes mellitus
| | | | |
<.0001
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
5352 (82.4)
|
8487 (83.7)
|
16481 (84.6)
|
12496 (87.2)
| |
15903 (88.3)
|
20728 (90.1)
|
36870 (91.6)
|
14089 (93.2)
| |
|
Yes
|
1140 (17.6)
|
1650 (16.3)
|
2987 (15.3)
|
1835 (12.8)
| |
2101 (11.7)
|
2281 (9.9)
|
3362 (8.4)
|
1024 (6.8)
| |
|
Hyperlipidemia
| | | | |
0.0007
| | | | |
<.0001
|
|
No
|
5498 (84.7)
|
8451 (83.3)
|
16240 (83.4)
|
11865 (83.8)
| |
14356 (79.7)
|
18489 (80.3)
|
32401 (80.5)
|
12553 (83.0)
| |
|
Yes
|
989 (15.2)
|
1687 (16.6)
|
3216 (16.5)
|
2465 (17.2)
| |
3648 (20.3)
|
4514 (19.6)
|
7831 (19.5)
|
2561 (16.9)
| |
-
†
p-values were calculated by chi-square test
