Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study subjects by coffee consumption
N (%) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily Coffee Consumption, No. of Cups | ||||||||||
Male (n = 50439) | Female (n = 96391) | |||||||||
variable | None | <1 | 1 to 3 | ≥3 | P-value† | None | <1 | 1 to 3 | ≥3 | P-value |
Number | 6493 | 10141 | 19473 | 14332 | 18012 | 23015 | 40246 | 15118 | ||
Age group (years) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
49 | 1844 (28.4) | 3277 (32.3) | 6349 (32.6) | 6090 (42.5) | 4536 (25.2) | 8396 (36.5) | 16276 (40.4) | 8097 (53.6) | ||
50-59 | 2240 (34.5) | 3619 (35.7) | 6876 (35.3) | 5037 (35.2) | 7347 (40.8) | 9305 (40.4) | 15865 (39.4) | 5415 (35.8) | ||
60-69 | 2127 (32.8) | 2887 (28.5) | 5605 (28.8) | 2948 (20.6) | 5574 (31.0) | 4929 (21.4) | 7558 (18.8) | 1530 (10.1) | ||
70+ | 282 (4.3) | 358 (3.5) | 643 (3.3) | 257 (1.8) | 555 (3.1) | 385 (1.7) | 547 (1.4) | 76 (0.5) | ||
Marital status | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
Married | 5693 (87.7) | 8742 (86.2) | 17540 (90.1) | 12828 (89.5) | 14231 (79.0) | 18193 (79.1) | 33261 (82.6) | 12450 (82.4) | ||
Single | 457 (7.0) | 775 (7.6) | 1108 (5.7) | 977 (6.8) | 2931 (16.3) | 3245 (14.1) | 5403 (13.4) | 2097 (13.9) | ||
Education level | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
Under middle school | 1733 (26.7) | 2300 (22.7) | 4395 (22.6) | 3058 (21.3) | 8372 (46.5) | 8802 (38.2) | 14283 (35.5) | 4164 (27.5) | ||
High school | 2433 (37.5) | 3985 (39.3) | 7653 (39.3) | 6002 (41.9) | 6258 (34.7) | 9509 (41.3) | 16963 (42.2) | 6949 (46.0) | ||
College or more | 2164 (33.3) | 3664 (36.1) | 7039 (36.2) | 5005 (34.9) | 2411 (13.4) | 3856 (16.8) | 7597 (18.9) | 3638 (24.1) | ||
Household Income (10,000 won/month) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
< 200 | 1817 (28.0) | 2637 (26.0) | 4725 (24.3) | 3134 (21.9) | 6362 (35.3) | 6567 (28.5) | 11286 (28.0) | 3664 (24.2) | ||
200-400 | 2237 (34.5) | 3628 (35.8) | 7608 (39.1) | 5927 (41.4) | 5522 (30.7) | 7631 (33.2) | 14634 (36.4) | 5719 (37.8) | ||
> 400 | 1398 (21.5) | 2276 (22.4) | 4631 (23.8) | 3643 (25.4) | 2481 (13.8) | 4074 (17.7) | 8100 (20.1) | 3701 (24.5) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
< 25 | 4333 (66.7) | 6061 (59.8) | 11528 (59.2) | 8370 (58.4) | 13385 (74.3) | 16223 (70.5) | 27883 (69.3) | 10560 (69.9) | ||
≥ 25 | 2133 (32.9) | 4021 (39.7) | 7879 (40.5) | 5925 (41.3) | 4568 (25.4) | 6681 (29.0) | 12252 (30.4) | 4505 (29.8) | ||
Smoking status | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
Non-smoker | 2694 (41.5) | 3500 (34.5) | 5439 (27.9) | 2547 (17.8) | 17596 (97.7) | 22285 (96.8) | 38765 (96.3) | 13875 (91.8) | ||
Ex-smoker | 2651 (40.8) | 4204 (41.5) | 8234 (42.3) | 4935 (34.4) | 152 (0.8) | 282 (1.2) | 492 (1.2) | 304 (2.0) | ||
Current smoker | 1130 (17.4) | 2420 (23.9) | 5766 (29.6) | 6830 (47.7) | 205 (1.1) | 322 (1.4) | 848 (2.1) | 895 (5.9) | ||
Alcohol consumption | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 1725 (26.6) | 1913 (18.9) | 3683 (18.9) | 2976 (20.8) | 14679 (81.5) | 15739 (68.4) | 25434 (63.2) | 8452 (55.9) | ||
Ex-drinker | 704 (10.8) | 806 (8.0) | 1269 (6.5) | 902 (6.3) | 361 (2.0) | 563 (2.5) | 748 (1.9) | 348 (2.3) | ||
Current drinker | 4051 (62.4) | 7407 (73.0) | 14491 (74.4) | 10438 (72.8) | 2908 (16.1) | 6604 (28.7) | 13953 (34.7) | 6276 (41.5) | ||
Regular exercise | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
No | 2620 (40.4) | 4065 (40.1) | 8332 (42.8) | 7068 (49.3) | 8816 (49.0) | 10531 (45.8) | 20246 (50.3) | 8309 (55.0) | ||
Yes | 3858 (59.4) | 6054 (59.7) | 11095 (57.0) | 7249 (50.6) | 9143 (50.8) | 12410 (53.9) | 19910 (49.5) | 6787 (44.9) | ||
Hypertension | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
No | 4174 (64.3) | 6400 (63.1) | 12382 (63.6) | 9967 (69.5) | 12613 (70.0) | 16923 (73.5) | 30334 (75.4) | 12243 (81.0) | ||
Yes | 2318 (35.7) | 3737 (36.9) | 7089 (36.4) | 4363 (30.4) | 5383 (29.9) | 6078 (26.4) | 9897 (24.6) | 2865 (19.0) | ||
Diabetes mellitus | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
No | 5352 (82.4) | 8487 (83.7) | 16481 (84.6) | 12496 (87.2) | 15903 (88.3) | 20728 (90.1) | 36870 (91.6) | 14089 (93.2) | ||
Yes | 1140 (17.6) | 1650 (16.3) | 2987 (15.3) | 1835 (12.8) | 2101 (11.7) | 2281 (9.9) | 3362 (8.4) | 1024 (6.8) | ||
Hyperlipidemia | 0.0007 | <.0001 | ||||||||
No | 5498 (84.7) | 8451 (83.3) | 16240 (83.4) | 11865 (83.8) | 14356 (79.7) | 18489 (80.3) | 32401 (80.5) | 12553 (83.0) | ||
Yes | 989 (15.2) | 1687 (16.6) | 3216 (16.5) | 2465 (17.2) | 3648 (20.3) | 4514 (19.6) | 7831 (19.5) | 2561 (16.9) | ||