Several grain dietary patterns are associated with better diet quality and improved shortfall nutrient intakes in US children and adolescents: a study focusing on the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Papanikolaou, Yanni; Jones, Julie Miller; Fulgoni, Victor L.

doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0230-0

Table 2 Adjusted mean (SE) nutrient and energy intake for all grain clusters using NHANES 2005–2010, 2–18 years of age

From: Several grain dietary patterns are associated with better diet quality and improved shortfall nutrient intakes in US children and adolescents: a study focusing on the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

	No Grains		Cakes, Cookies & Pies			Yeast Breads and Rolls			Cereals			Pasta, Cooked Cereals & Rice			Crackers & Salty Snacks			Pancakes, Waffles, French Toast and Other Grains			Quick Breads
Energy or Nutrient	Cluster 0		Cluster 1			Cluster 2			Cluster 3			Cluster 4			Cluster 5			Cluster 6			Cluster 7
	LSM	SE	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P
Energy (kcal)	1497	90	1931	65	0.0009	1961	22	<0.0001	1694	65	0.0887	1913	62	0.0005	1946	29	<0.0001	2021	39	<0.0001	2021	36	<0.0001
Carbohydrate (g)	245	6.0	268	3.4	0.0016	256	1.2	0.0679	269	4.2	0.0012	272	3.4	0.0004	262	1.4	0.0046	265	2.2	0.0014	255	2.1	0.1542
Total sugars (g)	134	6.7	149	3.6	0.0594	130	1.4	0.6016	139	4.9	0.5190	130	4.4	0.6484	128	1.7	0.3738	130	2.3	0.6479	124	1.9	0.1674
Added sugars (tsp eq)	22	2.0	25	0.5	0.1791	20	0.3	0.2535	21	1.0	0.7195	19	1.1	0.1331	20	0.4	0.2152	20	0.6	0.3609	18	0.4	0.0874
Protein (g)	72	2.2	59	1.1	<0.0001	72	0.5	0.7474	70	1.5	0.2823	72	1.7	0.9931	65	0.6	0.0004	67	1.3	0.0301	68	0.9	0.0685
Total fat (g)	76	1.9	72	1.2	0.0958	71	0.4	0.0296	67	1.5	0.0004	64	1.3	<0.0001	72	0.5	0.0727	70	0.8	0.0022	74	0.8	0.4128
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (g)	27	0.8	28	0.6	0.7623	26	0.2	0.0648	24	0.7	0.0003	23	0.5	<0.0001	26	0.3	0.1789	26	0.4	0.0958	27	0.4	0.7836
Total saturated fatty acids (g)	27	0.7	25	0.5	0.0080	26	0.2	0.0313	25	0.6	0.0049	22	0.7	<0.0001	25	0.2	0.0001	24	0.5	0.0001	26	0.4	0.0311
Cholesterol (mg)	261	23.5	184	8.0	0.0018	229	4.5	0.1745	198	9.4	0.0163	211	8.1	0.0771	189	4.2	0.0074	240	9.7	0.4133	233	9.9	0.2342
Dietary fiber (g)	11	0.5	12	0.4	0.4815	13	0.2	0.0007	13	0.6	0.0052	13	0.5	<0.0001	13	0.2	0.0006	12	0.3	0.1014	14	0.3	<0.0001
Calcium (mg)	962	53.5	863	28.2	0.1005	1054	12.6	0.0898	1092	31.5	0.0388	964	31.0	0.9737	968	13.6	0.8987	1056	32.4	0.1635	1043	19.1	0.1526
Magnesium (mg)	208	8.7	204	5.0	0.6863	232	2.1	0.0089	231	4.9	0.0158	257	6.7	<0.0001	230	2.3	0.0141	209	2.9	0.8743	237	4.5	0.0009
Iron (mg)	10.6	0.3	11.8	0.3	0.0097	14.17	0.15	<0.0001	19.03	0.67	<0.0001	15.45	0.39	<0.0001	14.16	0.21	<0.0001	13.34	0.23	<0.0001	13.44	0.25	<0.0001
Zinc (mg)	9.4	0.3	8.2	0.2	0.0016	10.97	0.16	0.0001	12.74	0.41	<0.0001	11.00	0.37	0.0050	10.12	0.12	0.0322	9.23	0.22	0.7165	9.93	0.19	0.2085
Sodium (mg)	2996	87.24	2645	44.20	0.0018	3137	23.94	0.1432	3004	71.10	0.9403	3429	150.37	0.0107	3066	38.87	0.4346	3129	45.06	0.2079	3118	55.97	0.2002
Potassium (mg)	2148	91.60	2021	69.94	0.2406	2243	21.46	0.3103	2333	46.88	0.0663	2365	51.12	0.0385	2070	23.24	0.3637	2044	33.81	0.3037	2209	39.34	0.5443
Folate, DFE (μg)	361	12.60	393	13.48	0.0694	526	10.60	<0.0001	772	36.39	<0.0001	636	29.86	<0.0001	523	11.21	<0.0001	438	9.85	<0.0001	498	12.04	<0.0001
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg)	1.8	0.1	1.8	0.0	0.9836	2.1	0.03	0.0001	2.6	0.04	<0.0001	2.0	0.05	0.0171	2.0	0.03	0.0154	2.1	0.04	0.0014	2.1	0.05	0.0031
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg)	1.3	0.0	1.3	0.1	0.7019	1.6	0.02	<0.0001	1.9	0.04	<0.0001	1.7	0.04	<0.0001	1.5	0.03	0.0003	1.5	0.03	0.0024	1.5	0.03	<0.0001
Total choline (mg)	266	14.4	215	5.5	0.0007	260	3.4	0.6977	245	7.7	0.2363	264	6.9	0.9240	225	2.7	0.0053	260	7.4	0.6825	256	5.8	0.5145
Vitamin A, RAE (μg)	481	34.5	536	29.2	0.1948	599	9.8	0.0016	736	21.5	<0.0001	666	39.2	0.0008	551	12.2	0.0592	650	21.7	0.0001	578	18.6	0.0192
Vitamin B12 (μg)	4.2	0.2	3.8	0.1	0.1470	5.3	0.1	0.0001	6.8	0.3	<0.0001	4.7	0.2	0.1237	4.7	0.1	0.0246	4.9	0.1	0.0255	4.8	0.2	0.0529
Vitamin B6 (mg)	1.4	0.1	1.4	0.0	0.7590	1.7	0.03	0.0004	2.2	0.1	<0.0001	1.9	0.1	<0.0001	1.6	0.03	0.0059	1.7	0.04	0.0031	1.7	0.1	0.0045
Vitamin C (mg)	70.0	5.0	78.0	6.0	0.2829	80.0	2.0	0.0690	83.9	6.1	0.0575	103.6	9.0	0.0025	80.0	2.6	0.0846	72.3	3.1	0.7126	78.7	3.0	0.1833
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (μg)	5.0	0.5	4.7	0.3	0.5028	6.0	0.2	0.0753	7.6	0.4	<0.0001	6.0	0.2	0.1363	5.3	0.1	0.5640	5.3	0.3	0.6946	5.8	0.2	0.1939
Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol (mg)	5.8	0.3	5.6	0.2	0.6583	5.9	0.2	0.6465	5.1	0.1	0.0198	5.9	0.4	0.7239	6.2	0.1	0.1437	5.4	0.1	0.1511	6.1	0.2	0.3859
Vitamin K (μg)	52.7	4.0	57.4	5.4	0.4934	58.2	2.6	0.3003	52.2	5.5	0.9396	76.7	9.8	0.0277	52.4	1.9	0.9567	55.9	3.3	0.5779	55.4	1.7	0.5403

NHANES 2005–2010, N = 8,367
LSM: least square mean; SE: standard error; P = p value of difference as compared to cluster 0 (No grains)
Covariates include age, gender, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, physical activity, current smoking status, alcohol and for all variables except Energy, the covariate of energy (kcal)

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