Effect of a high protein diet and/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Verreijen, Amely M.; Engberink, Mariëlle F.; Memelink, Robert G.; van der Plas, Suzanne E.; Visser, Marjolein; Weijs, Peter J.M.

doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0229-6

Table 2 Dietary intake in the study groups at baseline and during intervention^a

From: Effect of a high protein diet and/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial

		Control	Protein	Exercise	Protein + Exercise	P value^b	Protein groups	Control groups	P value^c
		(n = 20)	(n = 21)	(n = 25)	(n = 31)	P value^b	(n = 52)	(n = 45)	P value^c
Energy, kcal/d	Baseline	1928 ± 849	1932 ± 539	1877 ± 522	2061 ± 621	0.730	2009 ± 587	1900 ± 678	0.397
Energy, kcal/d	During intervention	1650 ± 531	1726 ± 449	1569 ± 463	1784 ± 579	0.452	1761 ± 526	1605 ± 490	0.137
Protein, g/day	Baseline	85.7 ± 31.0	82.6 ± 21.4	82.6 ± 23.4	93.2 ± 31.2	0.425	88.9 ± 27.9	83.9 ± 26.7	0.372
Protein, g/day	During intervention	76.6 ± 21.1	89.3 ± 22.6	73.9 ± 22.4	92.8 ± 32.9	0.025	91.4 ± 29.0	75.1 ± 21.6	0.002
Protein, g/kg/day	Baseline	0.95 ± 0.36	0.92 ± 0.34	0.93 ± 0.30	1.00 ± 0.31	0.825	0.97 ± 0.32	0.94 ± 0.33	0.662
Protein, g/kg/day	During intervention	0.87 ± 0.29	1.02 ± 0.36	0.84 ± 0.23	1.02 ± 0.35	0.081	1.02 ± 0.35	0.86 ± 0.26	0.008
Protein, g/adj_kg/day^d	Baseline	1.12 ± 0.45	1.04 ± 0.30	1.08 ± 0.36	1.14 ± 0.39	0.820	1.10 ± 0.35	1.10 ± 0.39	0.972
Protein, g/adj_kg/day^d	During intervention	1.00 ± 0.27	1.13 ± 0.33	0.97 ± 0.32	1.13 ± 0.37	0.177	1.13 ± 0.35	0.98 ± 0.29	0.027
Protein, en%^e	Baseline	18.5 ± 3.3	17.6 ± 3.4	17.9 ± 3.7	18.3 ± 3.6	0.838	18.0 ± 3.5	18.2 ± 3.5	0.814
Protein, en%^e	During intervention	18.9 ± 2.2	21.1 ± 3.5	18.9 ± 3.0	21.2 ± 4.6	0.033	21.1 ± 4.1	19.0 ± 2.6	0.002
Carbohydrate, en%	Baseline	44.2 ± 5.2	43.3 ± 6.5	45.3 ± 6.0	43.7 ± 8.6	0.760	43.5 ± 7.7	44.8 ± 5.7	0.343
Carbohydrate, en%	During intervention	46.2 ± 5.8	40.4 ± 6.1	47.1 ± 6.4	43.3 ± 6.2	0.002	42.2 ± 6.3	46.7 ± 6.1	0.001
Fat, en%	Baseline	33.1 ± 6.3	34.1 ± 5.6	32.3 ± 6.9	32.8 ± 7.7	0.832	33.3 ± 6.9	32.6 ± 6.6	0.625
Fat, en%	During intervention	30.9 ± 5.7	33.3 ± 5.7	29.2 ± 6.9	30.6 ± 7.1	0.214	31.7 ± 6.7	30.0 ± 6.4	0.204

^aData represent means ± SD using last observations carried forward; Intake during intervention is mean intake data at week 5 and 10; ^bSignificance level of differences between four groups using One-Way ANOVA; ^cSignificance level of differences between protein and non-protein groups using the t-test; ^dProtein in g/kg/day with adjusted weight using current weight for BMI < 30 kg/m² or using weight at BMI 27.5 kg/m² for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², to make it comparable to the protein target; ^een% stands for % of energy intake

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