Table 4 Description of the functions of some of the genes in the vitD group as analyzed by PCR array method
Gene symbol | Description | Fold up- or down -regulation | P-value | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
APOA2 | Apolipoprotein A-II | −3.93 | 0.001 | Apolipoproteins function as structural components of lipoprotein particles |
CCR1 | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 | −5.01 | 0.055 | Expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes, specifically memory T-cells; binds to multiple inflammatory chemokines |
CCR2 | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 | −3.13 | 0.001 | Expressed on activated memory T cells & B cells |
CCR3 | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 | −5.54 | 0.007 | Receptor for multiple inflammatory/inducible CC chemokines; |
Expressed on Th1 and Th2 cells, CCR3 plays a role in allergic reactions | ||||
CCR4 | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 | 4.03 | 0.001 | Expressed on Th2 cells, preferentially by CD45RA+ naïve FOXP3+ Treg cells |
CCR5 | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 | −4.14 | 0.029 | Expressed on activated/memory Th1 lymphocytes. |
CD2 | CD2 molecule | 1.47 | 0.042 | An adhesion molecule expressed on T & NK cells that acts as a co-stimulatory molecule |
CD3D | CD3d molecule, delta (CD3-TCR complex) | −1.62 | 0.023 | CD3 subunits involved in T cell activation/signaling through TCR |
CD3G | CD3g molecule, gamma (CD3-TCR complex) | −1.76 | 0.031 | CD3 subunits involved in T cell activation/signaling through TCR |
CD40LG | CD40 ligand | 4.23 | 0.008 | Plays important role in T cell dependent immune response |
Primarily expressed on activated T cells and regulates B cell function, mediates B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin class switching | ||||
CD81 | CD81 molecule | −2.15 | 0.026 | mediate signal transduction events; on T cells CD81 associates with CD4 and CD8 and provides a co-stimulatory signal with CD3; |
CD81 expression by T cells enhances cognate T–B cell interactions as well as intracellular activation pathways leading to Th2 polarization. | ||||
CD8B | CD8b molecule | −1.82 | 0.016 | B subunit on cytotoxic T cells for cellular interaction |
CLEC7A | C-type lectin domain family 7, member A | −19.84 | 0.020 | Expressed on dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and B cells; plays a role in innate immunity through pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) can operate as a co-stimulatory molecule via recognition of an endogenous ligand on T-cells, which leads to cellular activation and proliferation. CLEC7A can bind both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells |
CXCR4 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 | −3.59 | 0.002 | acts in lymphocytes chemotaxis; a chemokine receptor; |
Expressed on T and B cells; central role of CXCR4 in confining migrating B cells to the proper target sites or an important role for CXCR4 in regulating homeostasis of B cell compartmentalization and humoral immunity. | ||||
HDAC4 | Histone deacetylase 4 | −2.84 | 0.029 | HDAC4 regulates bone and muscle development & promotes healthy vision. |
Specific and critical functions in transcriptional regulation & cell cycle progression; have histone and nonhistone protein substrates | ||||
HDAC5 | Histone deacetylase 5 | −2.35 | 0.033 | transcriptional regulation |
HDAC9 | Histone deacetylase 9 | −2.00 | 0.044 | reduces transcriptional regulation after stimulation |
HLADRA | Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha | −4.44 | 0.009 | Expressed on B cells & helper T cells (activated CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells) |
ICOSLG | Inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand | −1.64 | 0.031 | Co-stimulatory signal for T-cell & B-cell proliferation; ICOS is selectively expressed on Th2 cells. |
ICOS, which is selectively expressed on Th2‐polarized T cells, predominantly enhance Th2 cytokine production, indicating that co‐stimulatory molecules influence the polarization process to Th1 or Th2 phenotypes. | ||||
IFNG | Interferon, gamma | 8.45 | 0.024 | Th1 cytokine; critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control; important activator of macrophages. |
IFNGR1 | Interferon gamma receptor 1 | −1.92 | 0.050 | Activity of IFN-γ is reduced due to low availability of IFNgR |
IFNGR2 | Interferon gamma receptor 2 (interferon gamma transducer 1) | −3.31 | 0.001 | Activity of IFN-γ is reduced due to low availability of IFNgR |
IGBP1 | Immunoglobulin (CD79A) binding protein 1 | −1.45 | 0.012 | B cells proliferation and differentiation |
IL12RB1 | Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 | −2.12 | 0.024 | Activities of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes; a link between IL-2 and the signal transduction of IL-12 in NK cells. |
(The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein, which acts in signal transduction) | ||||
IL12RB2 | IL-12 receptor, beta 2 | 3.10 | 0.002 | Contributes to the inflammatory response and host defense |
IL13 | Interleukin 13 | 5.82 | 0.040 | expressed by Th2 cells, Has anti-inflammatory properties, acts in Th2 responses |
IL2 | Interleukin 2 | 7.55 | 0.002 | Increase proliferation, differentiation of effector T cells and T-reg cells |
IL2RA | Interleukin 2 receptor, alpha | 9.34 | 0.000 | an important modulator of immunity |
IRF4 | Interferon regulatory factor 4 | 4.51 | 0.000 | a transcription factor essential for development of Th2 cells, IL-17 producing cells & IL-9 producing Th9 cell associated with Th2 immunity |
KLF6 | Kruppel-like factor 6 | −1.97 | 0.000 | function in mitosis, meiosis and transport of cellular cargo |
NCK1 | NCK adaptor protein 1 | −2.57 | 0.002 | associated with bone metabolism, involved with actin cytoskeletal remodeling, signal transduction |
NCK2 | NCK adaptor protein 2 | −1.93 | 0.015 | Nck1 and Nck2 are two highly related adaptor proteins downstream of the TCR |
SOCS5 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 | −3.01 | 0.001 | The SOCS proteins negatively regulate cytokine and Toll-like receptor- (TLR-) induced signaling in the inflammatory cells. |
TLR signals are regulated by molecules such as TOLLIP and SOCS5 | ||||
TGFB1 | Transforming growth factor, beta 1 | −1.62 | 0.043 | Expressed by macrophages and CD4+ T. |
TGF-Beta is a potent immunosuppressor, all immune cell lineages secrete TGF-Beta, it controls the proliferation, differentiation of these cells. Perturbation of TGF-Beta signaling is linked to autoimmunity, inflammation and cancer | ||||
TLR1 | Toll-like receptor 1 | −7.36 | 0.000 | Expressed on of macrophages, neutrophils, B lymphocytes |
They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. | ||||
TLR2 | Toll-like receptor 2 | −3.42 | 0.068 | Expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 | −7.78 | 0.055 | B lymphocytes; monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, Mast cells, Intestinal epithelium |
TLR6 | Toll-like receptor 6 | −2.82 | 0.004 | Activated Treg cells, B lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, Mast cells |
TLR9 | Toll-like receptor 9 | −2.71 | 0.079 | Monocytes/macrophages, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B lymphocytes |