Fig. 4

Effects of fast food (left panel, trials combined) and exercise (right panel; high intensity interval exercise+moderate intensity exercise vs. no exercise) on blood glucose, C-peptide, triglycerides and total antioxidant status. Abbreviations: BL, baseline; C, control group; HIIE,  high intensity exercise; HIIE+MIE, exercise combined; MIE, moderate intensity exercise; NE, no exercise; TAS, total antioxidant status; T2D, type 2 diabetes group. Estimated means and 95 % CIs from LMMs with the factors time, group and their interaction (left panel, figures a-d), and with the factors time, group, trial and their interactions (right panel, figures e-h). In the left panel significant (p < 0.01) time differences are indicated by *(from BL1), † (from BL2), ‡ (from food +30 min) and § (from food +2 h). For triglycerides there is no significant time and group interaction, and the indicated significant time differences refer to the main effect of time for both groups. Except for TAS, the means and CIs are shown as back-transformed values, computed by direct exponentiation of the means and CIs from the LMMs based on log-transformed data