Table 2 Comparison of mean crude energy intakes and energy-adjusted nutrient intakes estimated by the 16-day DR, and the DHQ administered in each season among 92 men

Energy, kJ/day

9804

8709-10756

9300*

9768

8085***

8889**

Protein, % energy

14.2

13.2-15.2

12.9***

12.9***

13.1***

12.7***

Fat, % energy

24.6

22.5-27.7

23.2*

23.7

26.6*

25.5

Saturated fat, % energy

6.68

5.88-7.62

5.97***

6.15***

7.04

6.93

Monounsaturated fat, % energy

8.72

7.69-10.2

8.28*

8.47

9.89***

9.36**

Polyunsaturated fat, % energy

5.68

5.10-6.36

5.61

5.64

6.34**

6.02*

n-3 Polyunsaturated fat, % energy

1.13

0.96-1.28

1.11

1.10

1.29**

1.25**

n-6 Polyunsaturated fat, % energy

4.52

3.98-5.14

4.52

4.57

5.09***

4.81*

Marine-origin n-3 polyunsaturated fat^†, % energy

0.44

0.32-0.55

0.36***

0.35***

0.41

0.42

Eicosapentaenoic acid, % energy

0.15

0.11-0.19

0.13**

0.12***

0.14

0.14

Docosahexaenoic acid, % energy

0.25

0.18-0.31

0.21***

0.20***

0.23

0.24

α-Linolenic acid, % energy

0.62

0.54-0.71

0.70***

0.70**

0.82***

0.77***

Cholesterol, mg/10 MJ

400

349-464

361**

362**

422

417

Carbohydrate, % energy

53.7

50.8-57.8

54.4

53.0

43.0***

42.4***

Total dietary fiber, g/10 MJ

15.5

12.8-18.7

13.7***

13.2***

11.3***

11.2***

Soluble dietary fiber, g/10 MJ

3.35

2.74-4.05

3.18

3.11**

2.75***

2.89***

Insoluble dietary fiber, g/10 MJ

11.4

9.39-13.8

10.0***

9.62***

8.03***

7.89***

Alcohol, % energy

3.40

0.82-9.13

3.75

3.87

7.38***

9.63***

Retinol, μg/10 MJ

293

179-341

241

254

345

351

Vitamin A

633

460-777

521**

511**

646

645

(retinol equivalent)^‡, μg/10 MJ

α-Carotene, μg/10 MJ

418

320-583

221***

202***

237***

210***

β-Carotene, μg/10 MJ

3104

2490-4170

2291***

2066***

2657*

2639**

β-Carotene equivalent^§, μg/10 MJ

3522

2884-4665

2659***

2381***

2924**

2857***

Cryptoxanthin, μg/10 MJ

232

130-458

317**

249

139***

97.4***

α-Tocopherol, mg/10 MJ

8.37

7.51-9.32

8.23

8.28

9.53***

9.46***

Vitamin K, μg/10 MJ

241

185-313

250

241

279***

236

Thiamin, mg/10 MJ

1.09

1.00-1.18

0.95***

0.94***

0.96***

0.94***

Riboflavin, mg/10 MJ

1.51

1.32-1.70

1.45

1.41**

1.92***

1.88***

Niacin, mg/10 MJ

21.4

19.4-23.4

19.7**

19.5***

28.1***

30.0***

Vitamin B6, mg/10 MJ

1.49

1.34-1.64

1.37***

1.32***

1.86***

1.97***

Vitamin B12, μg/10 MJ

9.25

6.82-12.3

8.66

8.83

10.6**

10.7**

Folate, μg/10 MJ

392

327-479

319***

309***

412

404

Pantothenic acid, mg/10 MJ

7.12

6.39-7.71

6.79**

6.66***

7.46**

7.49***

Vitamin C, mg/10 MJ

112

88.1-154

108

92.9***

105

101*

Sodium, mg/10 MJ

5000

4571-5592

4750*

4621**

4630**

4451***

Potassium, mg/10 MJ

2937

2635-3290

2582***

2448***

3019

3138***

Calcium, mg/10 MJ

585

493-733

503***

495***

601

572

Magnesium, mg/10 MJ

315

281-365

288***

287***

356***

365***

Phosphorus, mg/10 MJ

1267

1149-1380

1159***

1154***

1331**

1323**

Iron, mg/10 MJ

9.25

8.10-10.5

7.74***

7.64***

7.76***

7.34***

Zinc, mg/10 MJ

9.94

9.15-10.8

9.44**

9.51**

8.39***

7.97***

Copper, mg/10 MJ

1.42

1.26-1.54

1.31***

1.30***

1.08***

1.06***

Manganese, mg/10 MJ

4.27

3.63-5.07

4.58*

4.23

3.96

3.76**