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Table 2 Demographic, clinical and nutrition management in patients with type 1 diabetes according to adherence to the prescribed diet

From: Relationship between adherence to diet, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil

Variable

Adherence *

P-value

 

Yes (%)

No (%)

 

N

1,722 (54.2)

1,458 (45.8)

-

Demographic and social data

   

Age

22.1 ± 12.3

21.8 ± 11.0

0.5

Age range, y, n (%)

  

<0.001

0-12,9

415 (24.1)

251 (17.2)

 

13-18,9

374 (21.7)

430 (29.9)

 

≥19

933 (54.2)

822 (53.3)

 

Age at diagnosis of diabetes

11.6 ± 8.3

11.6 ± 7.7

0.5

Female, n (%)

962 (55.9)

829 (56.9)

0.4

Duration of diabetes

10.4 ± 8.3

10.2 ± 7.7

0.9

Ethnicity**

   

  Caucasian

1,032 (59.9)

792 (43.4)

0.001

  Non-caucasian

690 (50.9)

666 (49.1)

 

Economic status, n (%)***

  

0.08

  High

134 (8.1)

95 (6.6)

 

  Medium

397 (23.9)

313 (21.9)

 

  Low

570 (34.3)

482 (33.7)

 

  Very Low

563 (33.8)

539 (37.7)

 

Geographical region

  

0.5

  North/Northeast

525 (30.5)

413 (28.3)

 

  Southeast

703 (40.8)

607 (41.6)

 

  South

389 (22.6)

338 (23.2)

 

  Midwest

105 (6.1)

100 (6.9)

 

Medical nutrition therapy

   

Appointment with dietitian, y (%)

1,288 (75.0)

979 (43.2)

<0.001

Diet prescriptor

  

0.07

  Dietitian

1,188 (56.4)

918 (43.6)

 

  Endocrinologist

435 (52.8)

389 (47.2)

 

Difficulties to follow the prescribed diet, y(%)

   

  Avoiding sugar and sweets

620 (36.0)

743 (51.0)

<0.001

  Eating vegetables and fruits

308 (17.9)

339 (23.3)

<0.001

  Quantity of prescribed foods

811 (47.1)

971 (66.6)

<0.001

  Schedule time of the meals

778 (45.2)

881 (60.4)

<0.001

  Understanding foods substitution lists

350 (20.4)

476 (32.7)

<0.001

Glycemic control

   

HbA1c (%)

8.8 ± 2.1

9.9 ± 2.4

<0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

73.5 ± 23.5

84.3 ± 26.8

 

HbA1c at goal, n (%) ##

317 (21.1)

145 (11.5)

<0.001

HbA1c ≥ 9.0%, n (%) ###

740 (43.0)

799 (47.2)

0.2

Hospitalization, y (%) #

176 (48.2)

185 (51.2)

0.03

Severe hypoglycemia, y (%)

179 (16.09)

141 (16.9)

0.5

SMBG **** y, (%)

1,377 (91.6)

1,106 (87.5)

<0.001

SMBG (n)

3.5 ± 1.7

3.1 ± 1.6

<0.001

Number of medical clinical visits (previous year)

4.3 ± 1.6

3.9 ± 1.7

0.001

Cardiovascular risk factors

   

BMI

21.6 ± 4.2

22.8 ± 4.3

0.001

Overweight or obesity, n (%) ####

446 (29.8)

437 (34.7)

0.005

sBP (mmHg)

111.7 ± 17.5

112.2 ± 16.7

0.4

dBP (mmHg)

71.3 ± 11.4

72.4 ± 11.4

0.01

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

167.1 ± 39.6

174.7 ± 43.3

<0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

85.9 ± 59.4

99.3 ± 78.5

<0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

53.5 ± 14.8

52.3 ± 14.4

0.04

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

97.2 ± 31.8

103.3 ± 34.4

<0.001

Non-HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

113.4 ± 36.4

122.4 ± 42.6

<0.001

Current smoker, y (%)

56 (3.3)

81 (5.6)

<0.001

  1. *The data are presented as number (percentage) or mean ± SD.
  2. **African-Brazilian, Mulatto, Asian, or Native Indian.
  3. ***Missing data: 87 patients.
  4. ****SMBG: self monitoring blood glucose.
  5. #Hospitalization for hyperglycemia or ketoacidosis.
  6. ## HbA1c at goal was defined as: as HbA1c levels of < 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) for T1D patients between 13 and 19 years old; < 64 mmol/mol (8%) for patients between 6 and 12 years old; between 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) and 69 mmol/mol (8.5%) for patients < 6 years old; and <53 mmol/mol (7%) for adult T1D patients.
  7. ###HbA1c levels higher than 75 mmol/mol (9%) was defined as poor glycemic control.
  8. ####Overweight and obesity were considered together.
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Nutrition Journal

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