Table 1 Basic characteristics of 2108 elderly Japanese women categorized with and without frailty
Total (n = 2108) | No frailty* (n = 1627) | Frailty* (n = 481) | P† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||||
Frailty status*, n (%) | ||||
No frailty | 1627 (77.2) | - | - | - |
Frailty | 481 (22.8) | - | - | - |
Frailty criteria, n (%) | ||||
Slowness and weakness | 710 (33.7) | 234 (14.4) | 476 (99.0) | - |
Exhaustion | 540 (25.6) | 205 (12.6) | 335 (69.8) | - |
Low physical activity | 528 (25.1) | 228 (14.0) | 300 (62.4) | - |
Unintentional weight loss | 112 (5.3) | 50 (3.1) | 62 (12.9) | - |
Age, years | 74.7 ± 5.0 | 73.9 ± 4.6 | 77.3 ± 5.3 | <0.0001 |
Body height, cm | 150.4 ± 5.5 | 150.7 ± 5.2 | 149.1 ± 6.1 | <0.0001 |
Body weight, kg | 51.4 ± 7.8 | 51.4 ± 7.4 | 51.5 ± 9.2 | 0.96 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.7 ± 3.2 | 22.6 ± 3.0 | 23.1 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 |
Survey year, n (%) | 0.27 | |||
2011 | 1342 (63.7) | 1046 (64.3) | 296 (61.5) | |
2012 | 766 (36.3) | 581 (35.7) | 185 (38.5) | |
Residential block, n (%) | 0.38 | |||
Hokkaido and Tohoku | 193 (9.2) | 142 (8.7) | 51 (10.6) | |
Kanto | 526 (25.0) | 404 (24.8) | 122 (25.4) | |
Hokuriku and Tokai | 510 (24.2) | 410 (25.2) | 100 (20.8) | |
Kinki | 262 (12.4) | 199 (12.2) | 63 (13.1) | |
Chugoku and Shikoku | 342 (16.2) | 265 (16.3) | 77 (16.0) | |
Kyushu | 275 (13.1) | 207 (12.7) | 68 (14.1) | |
Size of residential area, n (%) | 0.26 | |||
City with a population ≥1 million | 274 (13.0) | 204 (12.5) | 70 (14.6) | |
City with a population <1 million | 1598 (75.8) | 1247 (76.6) | 351 (73.0) | |
Town and village | 236 (11.2) | 176 (10.8) | 60 (12.5) | |
Living alone, n (%) | 0.30 | |||
No | 1759 (83.4) | 1365 (83.9) | 394 (81.9) | |
Yes | 349 (16.6) | 262 (16.1) | 87 (18.1) | |
Marital status, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
Single | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | |
Married | 1275 (60.5) | 1035 (63.6) | 240 (49.9) | |
Widowed | 777 (36.9) | 546 (33.6) | 231 (48.0) | |
Separated | 52 (2.5) | 43 (2.6) | 9 (1.9) | |
Education, n (%) | 0.04 | |||
≤Junior high school and others | 977 (46.4) | 732 (45.0) | 245 (50.9) | |
High school | 933 (44.3) | 733 (45.1) | 200 (41.6) | |
≥Some college | 198 (9.4) | 162 (10.0) | 36 (7.5) | |
Current smoking, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
No | 2054 (97.4) | 1595 (98.0) | 459 (95.4) | |
Yes | 54 (2.6) | 32 (2.0) | 22 (4.6) | |
Alcohol drinking, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
No | 1695 (80.4) | 1278 (78.6) | 417 (86.7) | |
Yes | 413 (19.6) | 349 (21.5) | 64 (13.3) | |
Dietary supplement use, n (%) | 0.0002 | |||
No | 1475 (70.0) | 1106 (68.0) | 369 (76.7) | |
Yes | 633 (30.0) | 521 (32.0) | 112 (23.3) | |
Physical activity, total metabolic equivalents-hours/d | 39.0 ± 6.6 | 40.4 ± 6.3 | 34.4 ± 5.2 | <0.0001 |
History of chronic disease‡, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
No | 1059 (50.2) | 864 (53.1) | 195 (40.5) | |
Yes | 1049 (49.8) | 763 (46.9) | 286 (59.5) | |
Depression symptoms§, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
No | 1617 (76.7) | 1363 (83.8) | 254 (52.8) | |
Yes | 491 (23.3) | 264 (16.2) | 227 (47.2) | |
Energy intake, kcal/d | 1737 ± 475 | 1767 ± 473 | 1636 ± 465 | <0.0001 |
Macronutrient intake|| | ||||
Total protein, g/d | 74.0 ± 14.3 | 74.6 ± 14.5 | 72.0 ± 13.2 | 0.0003 |
Animal protein¶, g/d | 43.5 ± 15.5 | 44.0 ± 15.6 | 41.9 ± 14.9 | 0.009 |
Plant protein**, g/d | 30.5 ± 4.4 | 30.6 ± 4.4 | 30.1 ± 4.6 | 0.03 |
Fat, g/d | 50.1 ± 9.6 | 50.3 ± 9.7 | 49.3 ± 9.2 | 0.04 |
Carbohydrate, g/d | 241 ± 32 | 240 ± 32 | 245 ± 30 | 0.005 |
Amino acid intake|| | ||||
Essential amino acids, g/d | 28.8 ± 6.16 | 29.0 ± 6.25 | 28.1 ± 5.77 | 0.001 |
Branched chain amino acids, g/d | 12.5 ± 2.49 | 12.6 ± 2.54 | 12.2 ± 2.32 | 0.001 |
Leucine, g/d | 5.64 ± 1.12 | 5.68 ± 1.14 | 5.50 ± 1.04 | 0.001 |
Isoleucine, g/d | 3.17 ± 0.65 | 3.19 ± 0.66 | 3.08 ± 0.61 | 0.001 |
Valine, g/d | 3.72 ± 0.72 | 3.75 ± 0.74 | 3.63 ± 0.67 | 0.001 |
Sulfur amino acids, g/d | 2.83 ± 0.55 | 2.85 ± 0.56 | 2.77 ± 0.51 | 0.003 |
Methionine, g/d | 1.76 ± 0.40 | 1.77 ± 0.40 | 1.71 ± 0.38 | 0.01 |
Cysteine, g/d | 1.08 ± 0.15 | 1.09 ± 0.16 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 0.0007 |