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Table 2 Sodium intake (mg/meal) and sodium density (mg/kcal) by meal type, weekday and location at baseline and one year 1

From: Challenges in sodium intake reduction and meal consumption patterns among participants with metabolic syndrome in a dietary trial

 

Breakfast

Lunch

Dinner

Snack

Location2,7

Baseline

One-year

Baseline

One-year

Baseline

One-year

Baseline

One-year

At home

        
 

n = 273

n = 275

n = 184

n = 171

n = 409

n = 330

n = 695

n = 535

Sodium intake

487 ± 39

425 ± 39

1062 ± 474

883 ± 49

1281 ± 334

1058 ± 36

228 ± 26

215 ± 30

Sodium density

1.29 ± 0.05

1.28 ± 0.06

2.22 ± 0.11

2.36 ± 0.12

1.94 ± 0.06

1.91 ± 0.07

1.02 ± 0.04

1.29 ± 0.14

Away from home

        
 

n = 67

n = 59

n = 140

n = 131

n = 19

n = 18

n = 302

n = 220

Sodium intake

527 ± 77

394 ± 82

1102 ± 544

841 ± 56

1317 ± 142

1132 ± 146

169 ± 38

193 ± 45

Sodium density

1.38 ± 0.09

1.22 ± 0.13

2.13 ± 0.09

2.04 ± 0.12

2.30 ± 0.24

2.26 ± 0.34

0.94 ± 0.07

0.95 ± 0.08

Restaurant/fast food

        
 

n = 25

n = 15

n = 65

n = 57

n = 62

n = 59

n = 37

n = 9

Sodium intake

1023 ± 1245

881 ± 1615

1478 ± 785

1488 ± 835

1610 ± 804,5

1861 ± 825

274 ± 103

670 ± 2065

Sodium density

1.68 ± 0.125

1.85 ± 0.195

2.19 ± 0.13

2.29 ± 0.13

1.80 ± 0.13

2.00 ± 0.14

0.81 ± 0.15

1.36 ± 0.40

Weekdays 3,7

        
 

n = 225

n = 248

n = 249

n = 254

n = 307

n = 279

n = 680

n = 554

Sodium intake

488 ± 44

413 ± 42

1098 ± 424

948 ± 41

1256 ± 384

1137 ± 40

168 ± 27

200 ± 30

Sodium density

1.32 ± 0.05

1.28 ± 0.06

2.22 ± 0.09

2.26 ± 0.09

1.91 ± 0.07

1.93 ± 0.08

0.93 ± 0.04

1.25 ± 0.13

Weekend days 3,7

        
 

n = 140

n = 101

n = 140

n = 105

n = 183

n = 128

n = 354

n = 210

Sodium intake

587 ± 54

464 ± 64

1213 ± 544

965 ± 63

1420 ± 484,6

1233 ± 57

271 ± 366

204 ± 46

Sodium density

1.37 ± 0.07

1.33 ± 0.10

2.11 ± 0.10

2.16 ± 0.13

1.97 ± 0.10

1.96 ± 0.11

1.09 ± 0.07

1.05 ± 0.10

  1. 1Sodium intakes per meal and sodium density per meal described with mean ± standard error and were estimated by LSMEANS of PROC MIXED model in SAS.
  2. 2Model 1: Tested by Proc Mixed model in SAS, fitting sodium intake or sodium density as the dependent variable, independent variables included meal type (P < 0.001), day of week (P < 0.001), time-point (P = 0.238), location (P < 0.001), gender (P < 0.001), condition (P = 0.836) and interaction of meal and location and time-point (P < 0.001) as fixed effects, and subject ID as a random effect.
  3. 3Model 2: Tested by Proc Mixed model in SAS, fitting sodium intake or sodium density as dependent variable, independent variables included meal type (P < 0.001), day of week (P < 0.001), time-point (P < 0.001), gender (P < 0.001), condition (P = 0.802) and interaction of meal and weekday and time-point (P = 0.024) as fixed effects, and subject ID as a random effect.
  4. 4 P < 0.05 and P values compared differences between baseline and one year and were determined from LSMEANS of PROC MIXED model in SAS.
  5. 5 P < 0.05 and P values compared differences between restaurant/fast food and eaten at home at the same time-point and determined from LSMEANS of PROC MIXED model in SAS.
  6. 6 P < 0.05 and P values compared differences to weekdays and determined from LSMEANS of PROC MIXED in SAS.
  7. 7For sodium intake, Models 3 and 4 were additionally adjusted for total caloric intake and all aforementioned statistically significant differences were attenuated towards the null.
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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