|
Men
|
Women
|
---|
|
All confirmed vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers from the total cohort
|
Random sample of meat consumers from the total cohort
| |
Self-reported vegetarians
|
All confirmed vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers from the total cohort
|
Random sample of meat consumers from the total cohort
| |
Self-reported vegetarians
|
---|
|
Vegetarian
|
Pescetarian
|
1 day/wk
|
2–5 day/wk
|
6–7 day/wk
| | |
Vegetarian
|
Pescetarian
|
1 day/wk
|
2–5 day/wk
|
6–7 day/wk
| | |
---|
|
n = 217
|
n = 152
|
n = 482
|
n = 1326
|
n = 2973
|
P
b
|
n = 416
|
n = 485
|
n = 242
|
n = 914
|
n = 1639
|
n = 2676
|
P
b
|
n = 734
|
---|
Vitamins (from diet)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Retinol (mg)
|
1.14 ± 0.35
|
1.11 ± 0.37
|
1.09 ± 0.38
|
1.05 ± 0.37
|
1.01 ± 0.37
|
<0.001
|
1.14 ± 0.34
|
1.04 ± 0.36
|
1.05 ± 0.39
|
0.99 ± 0.37
|
0.93 ± 0.37
|
0.90 ± 0.38
|
<0.001
|
1.07 ± 0.37
|
β-carotene (mg)
|
0.61 ± 0.35
|
0.59 ± 0.37
|
0.49 ± 0.32
|
0.42 ± 0.23
|
0.40 ± 0.21
|
<0.001
|
0.60 ± 0.34
|
0.60 ± 0.36
|
0.64 ± 0.39
|
0.52 ± 0.34
|
0.44 ± 0.26
|
0.41 ± 0.23
|
<0.001
|
0.64 ± 0.37
|
Vitamin B1 (mg)
|
1.25 ± 0.26
|
1.23 ± 0.25
|
1.14 ± 0.23
|
1.15 ± 0.19
|
1.22 ± 0.22
|
<0.001
|
1.25 ± 0.25
|
1.04 ± 0.24
|
1.03 ± 0.21
|
0.96 ± 0.20
|
0.99 ± 0.17
|
1.06 ± 0.19
|
<0.001
|
1.04 ± 0.22
|
Vitamin B2 (mg)
|
1.62 ± 0.38
|
1.63 ± 0.39
|
1.61 ± 0.42
|
1.59 ± 0.37
|
1.57 ± 0.36
|
<0.001
|
1.63 ± 0.39
|
1.51 ± 0.39
|
1.52 ± 0.38
|
1.48 ± 0.41
|
1.47 ± 0.36
|
1.44 ± 0.34
|
<0.001
|
1.52 ± 0.38
|
Vitamin B3 (mg)
|
14.7 ± 3.6
|
16.7 ± 5.0
|
16.2 ± 4.4
|
15.6 ± 3.8
|
15.4 ± 4.1
|
<0.001
|
15.4 ± 3.8
|
11.8 ± 3.2
|
12.9 ± 3.1
|
12.6 ± 3.3
|
12.6 ± 2.9
|
12.4 ± 3.0
|
<0.001
|
12.2 ± 3.2
|
Vitamin B6 (mg)
|
1.42 ± 0.27
|
1.40 ± 0.29
|
1.37 ± 0.31
|
1.48 ± 0.25
|
1.57 ± 0.28
|
<0.001
|
1.45 ± 0.29
|
1.15 ± 0.25
|
1.17 ± 0.23
|
1.17 ± 0.27
|
1.28 ± 0.23
|
1.37 ± 0.24
|
<0.001
|
1.19 ± 0.26
|
Vitamin B11 (μm)
|
252 ± 55
|
250 ± 61
|
232 ± 69
|
227 ± 64
|
222 ± 65
|
<0.001
|
253 ± 57
|
217 ± 60
|
218 ± 52
|
204 ± 62
|
200 ± 59
|
197 ± 62
|
<0.001
|
223 ± 58
|
Vitamin C (mg)
|
123 ± 51
|
122 ± 57
|
108 ± 51
|
101 ± 42
|
97 ± 41
|
<0.001
|
124 ± 52
|
127 ± 54
|
122 ± 50
|
117 ± 56
|
109 ± 44
|
106 ± 42
|
<0.001
|
128 ± 51
|
Vitamin E (mg)
|
16.1 ± 6.0
|
15.3 ± 5.1
|
15.4 ± 5.1
|
15.4 ± 5.6
|
14.4 ± 5.6
|
<0.001
|
16.2 ± 5.4
|
12.9 ± 4.4
|
13.1 ± 4.4
|
12.9 ± 4.9
|
12.4 ± 4.6
|
11.8 ± 4.4
|
<0.001
|
13.2 ± 4.4
|
Minerals
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Calcium (mg)
|
1238 ± 379
|
1242 ± 395
|
1160 ± 380
|
991 ± 291
|
934 ± 294
|
<0.001
|
1211 ± 391
|
1144 ± 327
|
1117 ± 324
|
1062 ± 335
|
927 ± 275
|
875 ± 263
|
<0.001
|
1125 ± 323
|
Phosphor (mg)
|
1726 ± 293
|
1758 ± 312
|
1647 ± 313
|
1542 ± 256
|
1528 ± 255
|
<0.001
|
1728 ± 309
|
1453 ± 260
|
1471 ± 250
|
1388 ± 282
|
1324 ± 240
|
1318 ± 228
|
<0.001
|
1460 ± 257
|
Magnesium (mg)
|
435 ± 103
|
449 ± 120
|
389 ± 91
|
355 ± 59
|
329 ± 53
|
<0.001
|
436 ± 104
|
360 ± 87
|
369 ± 87
|
322 ± 72
|
292 ± 47
|
289 ± 46
|
<0.001
|
363 ± 85
|
Iron (mg)
|
14.4 ± 2.8
|
15.0 ± 2.9
|
13.6 ± 2.7
|
13.2 ± 2.3
|
13.3 ± 2.4
|
<0.001
|
14.6 ± 2.6
|
11.8 ± 2.3
|
12.3 ± 2.4
|
11.4 ± 2.1
|
11.5 ± 2.0
|
11.7 ± 2.0
|
<0.001
|
12.0 ± 2.2
|
Potassium (mg)
|
3768 ± 634
|
3771 ± 749
|
3656 ± 727
|
3684 ± 585
|
3763 ± 605
|
<0.001
|
3796 ± 673
|
3261 ± 607
|
3312 ± 618
|
3229 ± 658
|
3288 ± 532
|
3348 ± 544
|
<0.001
|
3313 ± 598
|
Dietary cholesterol (mg)
|
197 ± 83
|
228 ± 84
|
227 ± 73
|
265 ± 67
|
287 ± 78
|
<0.001
|
213 ± 81
|
177 ± 66
|
187 ± 66
|
200 ± 67
|
229 ± 58
|
245 ± 61
|
<0.001
|
188 ± 66
|
Dietary fiber (g)
|
40.3 ± 8.8
|
39.3 ± 9.6
|
34.8 ± 9.0
|
29.8 ± 7.3
|
28.1 ± 6.8
|
<0.001
|
39.6 ± 8.9
|
32.6 ± 7.3
|
32.5 ± 7.0
|
29.3 ± 7.1
|
25.6 ± 5.8
|
24.6 ± 5.5
|
<0.001
|
32.4 ± 7.1
|
Supplement use (number of sup/day)
|
0.9 ± 1.2
|
0.9 ± 1.2
|
0.8 ± 1.1
|
0.4 ± 0.9
|
0.3 ± 0.6
|
<0.001
|
0.9 ± 1.2
|
1.3 ± 1.3
|
1.3 ± 1.3
|
1.0 ± 1.3
|
0.6 ± 0.9
|
0.5 ± 0.8
|
<0.001
|
1.33 ± 1.3
|
NaCl (mg) (from foods)
|
5800 ± 2150
|
6496 ± 2331
|
6127 ± 2410
|
6316 ± 2054
|
6693 ± 2231
|
<0.001
|
6073 ± 2302
|
4678 ± 1743
|
4964 ± 1740
|
5203 ± 9097
|
5158 ± 1639
|
5433 ± 1813
|
<0.001
|
4869 ± 1672
|
Salt added during cooking (g)
|
1.67 ± 2.58
|
1.96 ± 2.07
|
2.65 ± 3.22
|
4.01 ± 4.06
|
4.43 ± 4.32
|
<0.001
|
1.94 ± 2.69
|
1.55 ± 2.34
|
2.14 ± 2.51
|
3.00 ± 4.13
|
3.86 ± 4.05
|
3.99 ± 4.26
|
<0.001
|
1.94 ± 2.69
|
- Values are mean ± SD.
- Nutrients are adjusted for total energy intake (using residuals).
-
aExcluding prevalent cancer cases at baseline.
-
bP values are derived from one way anova comparing the five meat consumption groups (vegetarian, pescetarian, 1 day/wk-, 2–5 day/wk-, and 6–7 day/wk meat consumers).