Table 1 General characteristics, antioxidant and pro-oxidant diet factors and iron biomarkers of the representative sample
From: Diet, iron biomarkers and oxidative stress in a representative sample of Mediterranean population
|  | All (n=815) | Men(1)(n=390) | Women(2)(n=425) | p-value (1–2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (a) | 41(30–54) | 42(30.75-54) | 40(29–53) | 0.877 |
Age-group (years) % | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  group I (18–29) | 24.3(18.3-30.2) | 23.3(14.6-31.9) | 25.2(16.9-33.4) | 0.595 |
  group II (30–44) | 34.6(29.05-40.1) | 36.4(28.5-44.3) | 32.9(25.1-40.7) | 0.333 |
  group III (45–64) | 29(23.2-34.8) | 28.7(20.3-37.1) | 29.2(21.2-37.2) | 0.946 |
  group IV (65–75) | 12.1(5.7-18.5) | 11.5(2.2-20.8) | 12.7(3.8-21.6) | 0.687 |
BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 27.1(26.6-27.3) | 27.4(26.9-27.8) | 26.7(26.1-27.2) | 0.058 |
Underweight (BMI<18.5), % | 1.4(0.6-2.2) | 1.1(0.03-2.2) | 1.7(0.4-2.9) | 0.651 |
Normal (BMI: 18.5-25), % | 37.3(33.8-40.7) | 30(25.3-34.7) | 43.9(39.1-48.7) | <0.001 |
Overweight (BMI 25–30), % | 36.8(33.4-40.2) | 43.3(38.2-48.4) | 30.8(26.3-35.3) | <0.001 |
Obesity (BMI>30), % | 24.5(21.4-27.5) | 25.6(21.1-30.1) | 23.6(19.4-27.7) | 0.566 |
Lifestyle | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Alcohol drinkers (%) | 41.7(38.3-45.1) | 64.1(59.3-68.8) | 21.2(17.3-25.1) | <0.001 |
  Smokers (%) | 34.2(30.9-37.4) | 39.2(34.3-44) | 29.6(25.2-33.9) | 0.002 |
  Habitual physical activity (%) | 47.6(44.1-51) | 53.6(48.6-58.5) | 42.1(37.4-46.7) | 0.001 |
Education level (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  None | 3.2(−3.4-9.8) | 2.3(−7.5-12.1) | 4(−5.3-13.3) | 0.240 |
  Primary school | 49.8(44.9-54.6) | 50(42.9-57) | 49.6(42.8-56.3) | 0.922 |
  High school | 34.4(28.8-39.9) | 35.9(27.9-43.8) | 32.9(25.1-40.6) | 0.415 |
  University | 12.6(6.2-19) | 11.8(2.4-21.2) | 13.4(46–22.2) | 0.556 |
Energy and antioxidant and pro-oxidant diet factors | Â | Â | Â | |
  Energy (kcal/d) | 2195.1(2146.9-2243.1) | 2567.1(2498.1-2636) | 1865.8(1817.1-1914.4) | <0.001 |
  SFA (g/d) | 28.1(27.3-28.9) | 32.3(31–33.6) | 24.4(23.5-25.3) | <0.001 |
  MUFA (g/d) | 50.6(49.3-51.8) | 58(56.2-59.9) | 43.9(42.5-45.4) | <0.001 |
  PUFA (g/d) (b) | 11.8(11.7-11.9) | 14.05(13.9-14.2) | 10.1(9.5-10.7) | <0.001 |
  Vitamin C (μg/d) (b) | 85.5(85.3-85.7) | 84.1(83.9-84.3) | 86.8(86–87.5) | 0.523 |
  Vitamin E (μg/d) (b) | 11.4(11.2-11.5) | 12.9(12.8-13.1) | 10.1(10–10.3) | <0.001 |
  β carotene (μg/d) (b) | 2217.8(2217.7-2218) | 2052.8(2052.6-2053.1) | 2375.1(2374.8-2375.4) | 0.028 |
  Retinol (μg/d) (a) | 236.2(153.6-353.3) | 256.2(159.1-372.3) | 215.0(147–320.4) | 0.001 |
  Non-heme iron (mg/d) (b) | 6.1(5.9-6.2) | 6.8(6.6-6.9) | 6.4(6.2-6.5) | 0.036 |
  Heme iron (mg/d) (b) | 2.9(2.8-3.1) | 3.4(3.2-3.5) | 2.6(2.4-2.8) | <0.001 |
  Vegetables (g/d) (a) | 173.6(105–245.1) | 176.6(104.1-247.2) | 162.6(107.4-245.6) | 0.302 |
  Fruit (g/d) (a) | 193.3(90–310) | 191.6(90–313.3) | 193.3(86.6-306.5) | 0.976 |
Iron biomarkers | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  SI (μmol/L serum) | 16.8(16.3-17.3) | 19.1(18.3-19.7) | 14.8(14.2-15.4) | <0.001 |
  SF (μg/L serum) (b) | 65.3(65.1-65.5) | 114.2(113.9-114.4) | 39(38.8-39.2) | <0.001 |
  TFS (%) | 33.9(32.7-35) | 39.3(37.4-41.1) | 28.9(27.7-30.1) | <0.001 |
CRP (mg/L serum) (a) | 1.4(0.5-3.2) | 1.4(0.5-2.9) | 1.5(0.5-3.4) | 0.511 |