Table 2 Participant characteristics by quintile of daily vegetable expenditure
From: Spending on vegetable and fruit consumption could reduce all-cause mortality among older adults
Quintiles of daily vegetable expenditure (NTD) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P † | ||||||
Characteristics | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Cumulative death rate* | 68.1 | 47.6 | 44.8 | 36.3 | 39.9 | ||||||
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | 157 | 17.6 | 168 | 18.1 | 168 | 13.9 | 180 | 23.0 | 201 | 22.1 | 0.214 |
Female | 199 | 20.2 | 188 | 20.2 | 188 | 21.4 | 176 | 19.6 | 156 | 18.6 | |
Age, y | |||||||||||
65-69 | 122 | 14.0 | 142 | 19.6 | 153 | 21.5 | 145 | 22.3 | 145 | 22.5 | 0.003 |
70-74 | 107 | 17.5 | 129 | 22.6 | 109 | 19.8 | 119 | 19.4 | 126 | 20.7 | |
75-79 | 80 | 20.3 | 58 | 15.8 | 57 | 16.6 | 56 | 2.4 | 61 | 21.0 | |
≥80 | 47 | 26.2 | 27 | 15.3 | 37 | 22.9 | 36 | 21.5 | 35 | 14.1 | |
Ethnicity | |||||||||||
Fukienese | 213 | 18.8 | 239 | 20.4 | 221 | 20.1 | 223 | 20.9 | 211 | 19.9 | <0.001 |
Hakka | 31 | 19.2 | 27 | 13.3 | 52 | 24.3 | 41 | 22.9 | 39 | 20.2 | |
Mainlander | 54 | 17.4 | 55 | 18.9 | 62 | 19.4 | 61 | 22.0 | 75 | 22.4 | |
Indigenous | 58 | 35.3 | 34 | 17.8 | 21 | 10.7 | 30 | 16.2 | 32 | 20.0 | |
Education | |||||||||||
Illiterate | 130 | 20.2 | 122 | 19.4 | 122 | 20.5 | 131 | 20.4 | 112 | 19.7 | 0.955 |
Primary and below | 155 | 17.7 | 164 | 19.0 | 163 | 20.6 | 155 | 23.3 | 154 | 19.5 | |
Secondary and above | 69 | 18.4 | 70 | 19.4 | 69 | 19.0 | 69 | 19.7 | 90 | 23.4 | |
Living arrangement | |||||||||||
Lived alone | 145 | 23.9 | 114 | 17.4 | 111 | 20.5 | 116 | 20.0 | 104 | 18.3 | 0.029 |
Live with spouse | 211 | 16.5 | 240 | 19.9 | 244 | 20.3 | 238 | 21.9 | 251 | 21.5 | |
Personal income (NTD/month) | |||||||||||
<5000 | 238 | 20.0 | 231 | 20.9 | 200 | 20.3 | 184 | 18.2 | 207 | 20.7 | 0.247 |
5000-19,999 | 70 | 17.3 | 85 | 18.0 | 98 | 20.4 | 103 | 25.2 | 84 | 19.2 | |
≥20,000 | 22 | 13.8 | 21 | 15.2 | 38 | 23.2 | 36 | 28.7 | 33 | 19.1 | |
Chewing ability | |||||||||||
Unsatisfactory | 147 | 20.1 | 128 | 19.9 | 129 | 22.7 | 122 | 17.9 | 118 | 19.5 | 0.033 |
Satisfactory | 195 | 17.1 | 222 | 18.9 | 222 | 19.4 | 226 | 23.4 | 234 | 21.2 | |
Perceived health status | |||||||||||
Good | 118 | 16.2 | 122 | 17.5 | 145 | 21.4 | 143 | 22.5 | 156 | 22.3 | 0.144 |
Fair | 157 | 19.2 | 165 | 19.4 | 161 | 19.6 | 167 | 22.1 | 153 | 19.6 | |
Poor | 70 | 23.0 | 63 | 22.3 | 47 | 20.1 | 40 | 16.1 | 46 | 18.5 | |
Diabetes mellitus | |||||||||||
No | 303 | 18.6 | 312 | 19.0 | 308 | 20.4 | 307 | 21.2 | 316 | 20.8 | 0.880 |
Yes | 47 | 20.6 | 41 | 19.8 | 44 | 19.8 | 44 | 22.0 | 37 | 17.8 | |
Physical activity (MET/day) | |||||||||||
<1.5 | 237 | 20.7 | 225 | 19.8 | 209 | 20.1 | 206 | 20.7 | 202 | 18.7 | 0.193 |
1.5-3 | 42 | 20.0 | 37 | 16.6 | 38 | 17.5 | 43 | 25.6 | 40 | 18.4 | |
>3 | 76 | 14.8 | 93 | 18.7 | 107 | 21.5 | 105 | 20.8 | 115 | 24.1 | |
Smoking | |||||||||||
No | 280 | 18.7 | 278 | 18.4 | 286 | 20.7 | 283 | 21.8 | 277 | 20.5 | 0.803 |
Yes | 76 | 19.6 | 78 | 22.0 | 70 | 19.0 | 73 | 19.5 | 80 | 20.0 | |
Alcohol drinking | |||||||||||
No | 297 | 19.9 | 285 | 19.2 | 280 | 20.0 | 281 | 20.9 | 285 | 20.1 | 0.207 |
Yes | 57 | 14.0 | 71 | 19.1 | 76 | 22.2 | 74 | 23.5 | 71 | 21.2 | |
Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) ‡ | 23.3 | 0.30 | 24.1 | 0.27 | 23.6 | 0.26 | 23.5 | 0.27 | 23.6 | 0.25 | |
<18.5 | 27 | 26.4 | 12 | 8.45 | 15 | 19.4 | 19 | 23.5 | 19 | 22.2 | <0.001 |
18.5-23.9 | 121 | 19.7 | 125 | 17.0 | 121 | 21.3 | 125 | 20.6 | 126 | 21.4 | |
24-26.9 | 79 | 16.4 | 69 | 17.7 | 85 | 19.1 | 78 | 22.8 | 85 | 24.0 | |
≥27 | 37 | 14.1 | 49 | 21.3 | 52 | 22.9 | 46 | 20.0 | 59 | 21.7 | |