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Table 1 Distribution of cases and controls stratified by sex among selected risk factors in a case-control study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Iran1

From: Macronutrients, vitamins and minerals intake and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study in Iran

Variable

Male

Female

P-value2

 

Cases

Control

Cases

Control

 

Participants, n

18 (32.1)

38 (67.9)

29(33.3)

58(66.7)

 

Age3, year

60.0(54.75-67.00)

60.0 (54.25-67.00)

57.0(50.00-70.50)

58.0 (48.75-72.25)

0.17

   ≤58

8(44.4)

17(44.7)

17(58.6)

32(55.2)

 

   >58

10(55.6)

21(55.3)

12(41.4)

26(44.8)

 

Education, year

     

   Illiterate

14(77.8)

25(65.8)

28(96.6)

55(94.8)

<0.001

   Literate

4(22.2)

13(34.2)

1(3.4)

3(5.2)

 

Monthly family income, US $

     

   <300

15 (83.3)

33 (86.8)

28 (96.6)

53 (91.4)

0.14

   ≥300

3 (16.7)

5(13.2)

1 (3.4)

5 (8.6)

 

Place of residence

     

   Rural

11(61.1)

20(52.6)

22(75.9)

28(48.3)*

0.80

   Urban

7(38.9)

18(47.4)

7(24.1)

30(51.7)*

 

Smoking history

     

   Never smoker

5(27.8)

17(44.7)

23(79.3)

51(87.9)

<0.001

   Ex-smoker, pack year < 10

3(16.7)

3(7.9)

3(10.3)

4(6.9)

 

   Ex-smoker, pack year≥10

1(5.5)

11(28.9)

3(10.3)

1(1.7)

 

   Current smoker, pack year < 20

3(16.7)

4(10.5)

0(0.0)

1(1.7)

 

   Current smoker, pack year ≥20

6(33.3)

3(7.9)

0(0.0)

1(1.7)

 

Having symptoms of GERD4

6(33.3)

6(15.8)

10(34.5)

3(5.2)*

0.31

Familial cancer history

1(5.6)

0(0.0)

3(10.3)

0(0.0)*

0.48

Physical activity

     

   Light

13(72.2)

21(55.3)*

16(75.9)

35(60.4)*

0.001

   Heavy

5(27.8)

17(44.7)*

7(24.1)

23(39.6)*

 

BMI, kg/m 2

19.9(3.1)5

24.8(4.0)*

20.8(3.3)

25.7(4.3)*

0.01

   ≤24.9

16(88.9)

20(52.6)*

24(82.8)

27(46.6)

 

   >24.9

2(11.1)

18(47.4)*

5(17.2)

31(53.4)

 

NSAIDs use

     

   Aspirin

2(11.2)

0(0.0)

1(5.6)

0(0.0)

0.63

   Non-aspirin

3(7.9)

0(0.0)

1(3.4)

0(0.0)

 

Food and beverage temperature

     

   Hot

15(83.3)

6(15.8)*

17(58.6)

9(15.5)*

0.03

   Warm/cold

3(16.7)

32(84.2)*

12(41.4)

49(84.5)*

 

Cooking method

     

   Fried/barbecued

8(44.4)

3(7.9)*

6(20.7)

3(5.2)*

0.14

   Boiled

7(38.9)

21(55.3)*

10(34.5)

49(84.5)*

 

   Both

3(16.7)

14(36.8)*

13(44.8)

6(10.3)*

 
  1. GERD: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease; BMI: Body mass index; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  2. *Statistically significant between case and control groups (p < 0.05)
  3. 1Values are n (%), unless otherwise noted
  4. 2P-values were estimated using chi-square statistics, Fishers' exact test or independent t-test for the difference between genders
  5. 3Median (interquartile range (IQR))
  6. 4Patients who present with the typical GERD symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation
  7. 5Mean (SD)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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