A cross-sectional investigation of regional patterns of diet and cardio-metabolic risk in India

Nutrition Journal

Table 2 Characteristics of India Health Study participants who completed Diet and Medical Histories

	Delhi	Trivandrum	Mumbai
Characteristic	n = 824	n = 2,247	n = 743
Age distribution, yrs
35 to 39	32	21	16
40 to 49	31	33	31
50 to 59	23	29	31
60 to 69	14	17	22
Female,%	53	50	52
Highest education attained,%
Middle school	34	44	38
Secondary school	27	46	56
University	39	10	5
Married,%	94	93	81
Household monthly income, INR,%
<5,000	6	69	36
5,000-10,000	18	27	45
>10,000	76	4	19
Primary religion,%
Hindu	77	34	57
Muslim	3	34	<1
Christian	<1	32	5
Other (Sikh, Buddhist, Jain)	20	<1	38
History of tobacco use
None	81	73	50
Smokeless (chewing, snuff, betel)	3	5	44
Smoke (cigarettes, bidi, hukka)	16	22	6
History of alcohol use
No	79	85	79
Yes	21	16	21
Physical activity, MET-hr/wk*	42.8 (45.6)	153.2 (107.9)	179.1 (141.5)
Obesity^†,%	56	49	46
Abdominal adiposity^§,%	92	90	86
Dyslipidemia^¥,%	56	-	-
Diabetes^∫,%	18	28	10
Medical history	10	17	10
Fasting plasma glucose test ≥ 126 mg/dl	8	11	-
Hypertension^≠,%	47	51	46
Medical history	18	16	20
SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg	29	35	26
Dietary intake,% of total energy*
Fat	41.1 (4.9)	23.3 (5.8)	39.7 (5.3)
Carbohydrate	48.2 (5.4)	60.5 (6.2)	47.3 (5.4)
Protein	12.1 (1.6)	15.0 (2.2)	13.7 (2.1)

Abbreviations: INR, Indian Rupee; MET, metabolic equivalents of task
All estimates exclude missing data.
* Presented as mean and standard deviation (SD)
^† Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m²; WHO universal cutpoint for overweight and suggested Asian-specific cut-point for obesity
^§ Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 cm in males or 0.80 cm in females
^¥ HDL < 40 mg/dl in males or 50 mg/dl in females, triglycerides > 200 mg/dl, total cholesterol to HDL ratio ≥ 5
∫ Positive medical history (self-report) with current medication use or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl
≠ Positive medical history (self-report) with current medication use or SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg

ISSN: 1475-2891