Association between frequency of breakfast intake before and during pregnancy and developmental delays in children: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study

Table 4 Association between frequency changes of breakfast intake from pre- to mid-pregnancy and children’s developmental delays

	Changes in frequency of breakfast intake¹
	With -With	With -Without	Without -With	Without -Without
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)
Children’s developmental delays
Age 2 years
Case/total (%)	944/6626 (14.3)	85/389 (21.9)	58/366 (15.9)	18/110 (16.4)
Crude	1.00	1.68 (1.31–2.16)	1.13 (0.85–1.51)	1.18 (0.70–1.96)
Adjusted²	1.00	1.60 (1.22–2.10)	1.06 (0.78–1.43)	1.16 (0.69–1.97)
Age 3.5 years
Case/total (%)	880/6626 (13.3)	66/389 (17.0)	51/366 (13.9)	10/110 (9.1)
Crude	1.00	1.33 (1.01–1.76)	1.06 (0.78–1.43)	0.65 (0.34–1.26)
Adjusted²	1.00	1.19 (0.89–1.60)	1.01 (0.74–1.40)	0.62 (0.32–1.21)

¹Changes in the frequency of breakfast intake from pre-pregnancy to mid-pregnancy were defined four categories as follows;
With–With: women whose responses to the first and second FFQs were “with breakfast intake”.
With–Without: women whose response to the first FFQ was “with breakfast intake” and whose response to the second FFQ was “without breakfast intake”.
Without–With: women whose response to the first FFQ was “without breakfast intake” and whose response to the second FFQ was “with breakfast intake”.
Without–Without: women whose answers to the first and second FFQs were “without breakfast intake”.
²Multivariable logistic models were adjusted for age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, employment status, educational level, smoking, alcohol intake, morning sickness, insomnia, psychological distress, postnatal bonding disorder, folic acid, intake of cereal, meat, seafood, beans, vegetables, and fruit, child sex, and breastfeeding at 1 year

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