Table 5 Origin, enzymatic pathways of reactive oxygen species, and their oxidized products.

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

O₂ ^• -OH^•

Oxidized lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and autoxidation byproducts.

Inflammatory Macrophage Membraneous NAD(P)H Oxidase

O₂ ^• OH^• H₂O₂

Advanced Lipoxidation Endproducts (ALE) Ortho o-tyrosine Meta m- tyrosine

Granular Myeloperoxidase (MPO)

Hypochlorous Acid HOCL (bleach) ^•Tyr NO₂ ^•

3-Chlorotyrosine di-Tyrosine NO₂-Tyrosine (Nitrotyrosine)

Macrophage Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Inducible (iNOS) Large bursts uncontrolled

ONOO'

NO₂-Tyr (Nitrotyrosine)

Endothelial Cell

Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Constitutive (cNOS) eNOS → NO nNOS → NO Small bursts (puffs) controlled

NO + O2^• → ONOO' ONOO'

NO₂-Tyr (Nitrotyrosine) NO₂-Tyr

eNOS derived NO

NO: the GOOD

Natural Occurring, Local Occurring, Chain Breaking Antioxidant

Superoxide

O ₂ ^.: the BAD

Peroxynitrite

ONOO ^• : the UGLY

Hypochlorous acid

HCLO : the UGLY

Restoration of endothelial derived NITRIC OXIDE Via the eNOS reaction..

ANTIOXIDANT ANTIREDOXIDANT → → →

Prevention of the devastating effects of ROS.