Table 6 Multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio with 95% confidence interval) of the relation between types of vegetarian diet and self reported diabetes, in adult Indian population aged 20–49 years, NFHS-3 2005-06

Types of vegetarian diet

Non-vegetarian (ref)

1

1

1

Semi-vegetarian

0.71 [0.56-0.90]

0.005

0.77 [0.60-0.98]

0.034

0.76 [0.59-0.96]

0.024

Pesco-vegetarian

1.13 [0.84-1.51]

0.426

1.15 [0.85-1.54]

0.365

1.09 [0.81-1.46]

0.589

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

0.74 [0.55-1.00]

0.047

0.70 [0.51-0.96]

0.025

0.73 [0.54-0.99]

0.044

Lacto-vegetarian

0.76 [0.68-0.86]

<0.001

0.67 [0.58-0.76]

<0.001

0.66 [0.58-0.75]

<0.001

Vegan

0.81 [0.55-1.20]

0.289

0.91 [0.61-1.36]

0.643

0.89 [0.59-1.32]

0.553

Age

20-29y (ref)

1

1

1

30-39y

3.23 [2.74-3.80]

<0.001

2.83 [2.39-3.35]

<0.001

3.32 [2.82-3.91]

<0.001

40-49y

9.20 [7.91-10.69]

<0.001

7.78 [6.64-9.12]

<0.001

9.39 [8.05-10.95]

<0.001

Sex

Men (ref)

1

1

1

Women

0.83 [0.75-0.91]

<0.001

0.87 [0.76-0.99]

0.029

0.94 [0.83-1.06]

0.298

Education

No education (ref)

1

1

1

Primary

1.46 [1.27-1.69]

<0.001

1.20 [1.03-1.40]

0.022

1.23 [1.060-1.44]

0.008

Secondary

1.53 [1.36-1.71]

<0.001

1.22 [1.05-1.41]

0.008

1.28 [1.11-1.47]

0.001

Higher and above

1.63 [1.39-1.91]

<0.001

1.05 [0.85-1.28]

0.672

1.11 [0.91-1.36]

0.300

Caste/tribe

Scheduled caste (ref)

1

1

1

Scheduled tribe

0.40 [0.30-0.54]

<0.001

0.47 [0.34-0.63]

<0.001

0.47 [0.35-0.63]

<0.001

Other backward class

0.98 [0.85-1.12]

0.714

0.84 [0.73-0.98]

0.022

0.86 [0.75-0.99]

0.039

General

1.38 [1.21-1.58]

<0.001

0.95 [0.81-1.10]

0.459

0.98 [0.84-1.13]

0.751

Missing caste

1.61 [1.26-2.06]

<0.001

1.18 [0.90-1.55]

0.244

1.20 [0.91-1.59]

0.199

Religion

Hindu (ref)

1

1

1

Muslim

1.26 [1.11-1.44]

<0.001

1.14 [0.98-1.33]

0.100

1.16 [0.99-1.35]

0.062

Christian

1.85 [1.46-2.33]

<0.001

1.31 [1.02-1.68]

0.035

1.36 [1.07-1.74]

0.014

Sikh

1.25 [0.91-1.73]

0.173

0.85 [0.61-1.19]

0.333

0.96 [0.69-1.33]

0.787

Others

0.83 [0.54-1.26]

0.375

0.70 [0.44-1.10]

0.119

0.74 [0.48-1.13]

0.159

Wealth quintiles

Lowest (ref)

1

1

1

Second

1.56 [1.27-1.92]

<0.001

1.40 [1.13-1.73]

0.002

1.42 [1.15-1.76]

0.001

Middle

1.38 [1.12-1.71]

0.002

1.05 [0.84-1.32]

0.654

1.16 [0.93-1.44]

0.201

Fourth

2.39 [1.98-2.90]

<0.001

1.53 [1.22-1.93]

<0.001

1.80 [1.44-2.25]

<0.001

Highest

3.77 [3.15-4.51]

<0.001

1.87 [1.45-2.41]

<0.001

2.50 [1.96-3.19]

<0.001

Place of residence

Urban

1.96 [1.79-2.16]

<0.001

1.20 [1.07-1.35]

0.002

1.24 [1.10-1.39]

<0.001

Rural (ref)

1

1

1

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

≤18.5 kg/m²

0.56 [0.49-0.64]

<0.001

0.75 [0.65-0.88]

<0.001

-

18.5-22.9 kg/m² (ref)

1

1

23.0-24.9 kg/m²

2.57 [2.26-2.93]

<0.001

1.64 [1.42-1.91]

<0.001

-

≥25.0 kg/m²

4.06 [3.65-4.52]

<0.001

2.21 [1.95-2.51]

<0.001

-

Current tobacco smoking

No (ref)

1

1

1

Yes

1.13 [0.99-1.28]

0.069

0.98 [0.84-1.15]

0.803

0.93 [0.80-1.09]

0.379

Alcohol consumption

Never (ref)

1

1

1

Ever

1.15 [1.01-1.30]

0.029

1.01 [0.87-1.19]

0.870

1.05 [0.90-1.23]

0.519

Frequency of watching TV

Not at all (ref)

1

1

1

Less than once a week

1.10 [0.92-1.31]

0.307

0.89 [0.74-1.07]

0.202

0.92 [0.76-1.10]

0.345

At least once a week

1.34 [1.13-1.58]

0.001

0.95 [0.79-1.14]

0.594

1.00 [0.84-1.20]

0.975

Almost everyday

1.84 [1.63-2.08]

<0.001

0.91 [0.78-1.07]

0.258

1.04 [0.89-2.21]

0.652