Biochemical indicator2,3 | Trimester 1 | Trimester 2 | Trimester 3 | p-value5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | GM (95% CI)4 | n | GM (95% CI) | n | GM (95% CI) | ||
Retinol | 66 | 1.40 (1.34-1.46)a | 65 | 1.54 (1.46-1.63)b | 62 | 1.39 (1.31-1.47)a | 0.001 |
Alpha-tocopherol | 66 | 21.3 (20.3-22.5)a | 65 | 29.0 (27.5-30.6)b | 62 | 32.9 (31.4-34.5)c | ≤ 0.0001 |
Gamma-tocopherol | 66 | 2.67 (2.44-2.92)a | 65 | 3.35 (3.06-3.68)b | 62 | 3.49 (3.17-3.83)b | ≤ 0.0001 |
Alpha-carotene | 66 | 0.18 (0.16-0.20)a | 65 | 0.19 (0.17-0.21)a | 62 | 0.22 (0.19-0.25)b | 0.024 |
Beta-carotene | 66 | 0.20 (0.18-0.23)a | 65 | 0.19 (0.17-0.23)a | 62 | 0.25 (0.21-0.30)b | 0.014 |
Cis-beta-carotene | 0 | NC6 | 53 | 0.017 (0.013-0.019)a | 18 | 0.028 (0.020-0.037)b | 0.01 |
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 66 | 0.41 (0.35-0.49)a | 65 | 0.40 (0.34-0.47)a | 62 | 0.46 (0.40-0.54)a | 0.31 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin | 66 | 0.41 (0.37-0.45)a | 65 | 0.58 (0.52-0.63)b | 62 | 0.61 (0.57-0.67)b | ≤ 0.0001 |
Trans-lycopene | 66 | 0.047 (0.041-0.054)a | 65 | 0.052 (0.045-0.061)a | 62 | 0.080 (0.065-0.095)b | ≤ 0.0001 |
Total-lycopene | 66 | 0.14 (0.12-0.16)a | 65 | 0.13 (0.11-0.15)a | 62 | 0.20 (0.18-0.24)b | ≤ 0.0001 |
Ferritin7 | 78 | 102 (100–141)a | 61 | 37.9 (31.3-45.8)b | 53 | 23.4 (19.5-27.9)c | ≤ 0.0001 |
Iron | 78 | 16.1 (14.6-17.8)a | 64 | 11.8 (10.5-13.2)b | 60 | 8.47 (7.43-9.71)c | ≤ 0.0001 |
Unbound iron binding capacity | 78 | 42.5 (40.1-45.1)a | 63 | 64.6 (61.2-68.3)b | 41 | 73.5 (67.9-79.5)c | ≤ 0.0001 |
Total iron binding capacity8 | 78 | 60.8 (58.9-62.7)a | 63 | 78.2 (75.2-81.4)b | 40 | 83.9 (77.9-90.4)b | ≤ 0.0001 |
Transferrin saturation9 | 78 | 26.6 (20.0–30.0)a | 63 | 15.2 (10.0–20.0)b | 40 | 10.8 (10.0–15.0)b | 0.0001 |
Selenium7 | 78 | 1.51 (1.48-1.55)a | 64 | 1.42 (1.37-1.48)b | 62 | 1.37 (1.30-1.43)b | 0.0003 |