Biochemical indicator1 | LOD2 | Trimesters 1–3 Combined | Cord serum | p-values4 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% of samples below LOD | n | GM (95% CI)3 | Median (range) | Min. | Max. | % of samples below LOD | n | GM (95% CI) | Median | Min. | Max. | |||
Retinol | 0.035 | 0.0 | 193 | 1.43 (1.40-1.49) | 1.46 | 0.74 | 2.63 | 0.0 | 52 | 0.64 (0.60-0.69) | 0.66 | 0.34 | 1.29 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Retinyl palmitate | 0.025 | 65.3 | 193 | NC5 | LOD | LOD | 0.11 | 100.0 | 52 | NC | NC | LOD | LOD | NC |
Retinyl stearate | 0.013 | 97.4 | 193 | NC | LOD | LOD | 0.027 | 100.0 | 52 | NC | NC | LOD | LOD | NC |
Alpha-tocopherol | 0.94 | 0.0 | 193 | 27.2 (26.2-28.3) | 27.9 | 14.3 | 46.0 | 0.0 | 52 | 5.92 (5.52-6.35) | 5.80 | 3.60 | 15.5 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Gamma-tocopherol | 0.26 | 0.0 | 193 | 3.14 (2.98-3.32) | 3.21 | 1.10 | 7.68 | 17.3 | 52 | 0.35 (0.31-0.39) | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.98 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Alpha-carotene | 0.013 | 0.0 | 193 | 0.19 (0.18-0.21) | 0.19 | 0.042 | 1.14 | 65.4 | 52 | NC | NC | LOD | 0.007 | NC |
Beta-carotene | 0.015 | 0.0 | 193 | 0.21 (0.20-0.23) | 0.21 | 0.050 | 1.90 | 69.2 | 52 | NC | NC | LOD | 0.005 | NC |
Cis-beta-carotene6 | 0.013 | 23.9 | 71 | 0.018 (0.017-0.020) | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.12 | 100.0 | 31 | NC | NC | LOD | LOD | NC |
Beta-cryptoxanthin | 0.016 | 0.0 | 193 | 0.43 (0.39-0.47) | 0.45 | 0.07 | 2.39 | 0.0 | 52 | 0.052 (0.045-0.063) | 0.051 | 0.018 | 0.26 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Lutein + zeaxanthin | 0.042 | 0.0 | 193 | 0.53 (0.50-0.58) | 0.53 | 0.11 | 1.24 | 0.0 | 52 | 0.11 (0.10-0.12) | 0.10 | 0.065 | 0.28 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Trans-lycopene | 0.015 | 0.5 | 193 | 0.058 (0.052-0.063) | 0.054 | 0.011 | 0.53 | 100.0 | 52 | NC | NC | LOD | LOD | NC |
Total lycopene | 0.019 | 0.0 | 193 | 0.15 (0.14-0.18) | 0.15 | 0.028 | 1.04 | 94.2 | 52 | NC | NC | LOD | 0.050 | NC |
Ferritin7 | 6.81 | 0.0 | 192 | 52.1 (45.2-60.2) | 52.8 | 6.74 | 528 | 0.0 | 47 | 321 (272–377) | 315 | 101 | 1090 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Iron | 0.90 | 0.0 | 202 | 12.1 (11.2-13.0) | 12.8 | 2.33 | 30.6 | 0.0 | 47 | 26.2 (24.4-28.2) | 26.9 | 12.0 | 36.2 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Unbound iron capacity | 1.80 | 0.0 | 182 | 55.6 (52.9-58.4) | 56.9 | 24.2 | 128 | 0.0 | 42 | 10.0 (8.09-12.6) | 10.4 | 1.79 | 31.7 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Total iron bound capacity8 | N/A | 0.0 | 181 | 71.3 (69.0-71.3) | 70.0 | 34.7 | 134 | 0.0 | 42 | 38.2 (36.2-40.3) | 37.5 | 25.1 | 57.7 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Transferrin saturation9 | N/A | 0.0 | 181 | 17.9 (16.4–19.6) | 19.0 | 3.0 | 53.0 | 0.0 | 42 | 67.0 (61.7–72.6) | 73.5 | 34.0 | 95.0 | ≤ 0.0001 |
Selenium | 0.063 | 0.0 | 204 | 1.44 (1.41-1.44) | 1.46 | 0.79 | 2.15 | 0.0 | 44 | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) | 0.87 | 0.61 | 1.14 | ≤ 0.0001 |