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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

From: Fruit, vegetable, and fruit juice consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author/publication year

Country/Location

Follow-up

period1

Total number

Number of GDM

Age (year)

Pre-BMI (kg/m2)

Exposure

Assessment

of GDM

Exposure

assessment

Quality

Adjustments

Li, Xie, et al. 2021

China

1

2,987

405

28.5 ± 3.6

21.3 ± 1.3

Fruits,

starchy vegetables,

Fruit juice

fasting glucose concentration

food frequency questionnaire

6

adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, fiber intake, and meat intake.

Chen et al. 2012

America

12

13,475

860

24–44

unspecified

Fruits,

Fruit juice

self-reported diagnosis of GDM

semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire

6

adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking, intake of cereal fiber, processed meat, red meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fruit juice.

Mirmiran et al. 2019

Iran

1.3

1,026

71

26.7 ± 4.3

25.4 ± 4.5

Fruits,

All vegetables

100 g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test

semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire

6

adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, third gestational weight gain, history of GDM, family history of GDM, total energy intake, total fat, total fiber, magnesium, cholesterol intake

Huang et al. 2017

China

1

772

169

26.0 ± 3.2

19.7 ± 2.5

Fruits

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

3-day food record

6

adjusted for age, level of education, occupation, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, family history of diabetes, income level, smoking status and alcohol, energy intake, and the consumption of grain, vegetables, meat, and fish.

Sun, et al. 2021

China

1

1,453

523

28.5 ± 4.0

20.7 ± 2.7

Fruits

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

3-day food record

6

adjusted for age, level of education, family income level, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, whole energy, vegetables, grains, beverage, dietary fiber, and different subtypes of fruit intake.

Zhou et al. 2019

China

3

3,330

370

28.2 ± 3.4

20.7 ± 2.7

Fruits

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

food frequency questionnaire

6

adjusted for age, ethnology, average personal income, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain before GDM diagnosis, parity, family history of diabetes, family history of obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, total energy intake, vegetables, whole grains, red meat, fish, eggs, dairy products.

Looman et al. 2018

Australian

5

6,263

285

27.5 ± 1.5

23.9 ± 4.6

Fruits,

All vegetables,

Fruit juice

50 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

food frequency questionnaire

7

adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension during pregnancy, physical activity, smoking, and total energy intake.

Mercier et al. 2019

Canada

10

398

126

36.6 ± 5.1

27.9 ± 6.8

Fruits,

All vegetables

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

food frequency questionnaire

7

adjusted for age and pre-pregnancy BMI.

Yong et al. 2021

Malaysia

2

452

48

30.0 ± 4.4

23.7 ± 4.8

Fruit juice,

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire

7

adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, and gestational weight gain, total energy.

Goshtasebi et al. 2018

Iran

1

1,026

708

26.7 ± 4.3

25.4 ± 4.5

Starchy vegetables

100 g 3-h oral glucose tolerance test

semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire

6

adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of GDM, family history of diabetes, total energy intake, total fiber, and cholesterol intake.

Li, Sun, et al. 2021

China

1

1,444

520

28.6 ± 4.0

20.6 ± 3.0

Starchy vegetables

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

3-day food record

6

adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, and the consumption of whole grains, fruits, meat, fish, and other vegetables.

Tryggvadottir et al. 2016

Iceland

1.5

168

17

29.0 ± 4.8

28.6 ± 1.8

All vegetables

75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test

4-day weighed food record

6

adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, energy intake, weekly weight gain, and total met.

  1. Note 1: the followed-up period of this study included the recruitment time and the observation time of the outcome indicators
  2. All vegetables: all types of vegetables consumed in the daily diet, including starchy vegetables and other vegetables. Such as tomato, tomato sauce, capsicum (bell or sweet peppers), lettuce, cucumber, celery, beetroot, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, spinach, peas, green beans, bean sprouts, pumpkin, onion, garlic, mushrooms, zucchini, potato, etc.
  3. Starchy vegetables: include potatoes, pumpkin, lotus root, yam, taro, water chestnut, pea, and cowpea, etc.