Author/publication year | Country/Location | Follow-up period1 | Total number | Number of GDM | Age (year) | Pre-BMI (kg/m2) | Exposure | Assessment of GDM | Exposure assessment | Quality | Adjustments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li, Xie, et al. 2021 | China | 1 | 2,987 | 405 | 28.5 ± 3.6 | 21.3 ± 1.3 | Fruits, starchy vegetables, Fruit juice | fasting glucose concentration | food frequency questionnaire | 6 | adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, fiber intake, and meat intake. |
Chen et al. 2012 | America | 12 | 13,475 | 860 | 24–44 | unspecified | Fruits, Fruit juice | self-reported diagnosis of GDM | semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | 6 | adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking, intake of cereal fiber, processed meat, red meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fruit juice. |
Mirmiran et al. 2019 | Iran | 1.3 | 1,026 | 71 | 26.7 ± 4.3 | 25.4 ± 4.5 | Fruits, All vegetables | 100 g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test | semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | 6 | adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, third gestational weight gain, history of GDM, family history of GDM, total energy intake, total fat, total fiber, magnesium, cholesterol intake |
Huang et al. 2017 | China | 1 | 772 | 169 | 26.0 ± 3.2 | 19.7 ± 2.5 | Fruits | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | 3-day food record | 6 | adjusted for age, level of education, occupation, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, family history of diabetes, income level, smoking status and alcohol, energy intake, and the consumption of grain, vegetables, meat, and fish. |
Sun, et al. 2021 | China | 1 | 1,453 | 523 | 28.5 ± 4.0 | 20.7 ± 2.7 | Fruits | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | 3-day food record | 6 | adjusted for age, level of education, family income level, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, whole energy, vegetables, grains, beverage, dietary fiber, and different subtypes of fruit intake. |
Zhou et al. 2019 | China | 3 | 3,330 | 370 | 28.2 ± 3.4 | 20.7 ± 2.7 | Fruits | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | food frequency questionnaire | 6 | adjusted for age, ethnology, average personal income, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain before GDM diagnosis, parity, family history of diabetes, family history of obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, total energy intake, vegetables, whole grains, red meat, fish, eggs, dairy products. |
Looman et al. 2018 | Australian | 5 | 6,263 | 285 | 27.5 ± 1.5 | 23.9 ± 4.6 | Fruits, All vegetables, Fruit juice | 50 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | food frequency questionnaire | 7 | adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension during pregnancy, physical activity, smoking, and total energy intake. |
Mercier et al. 2019 | Canada | 10 | 398 | 126 | 36.6 ± 5.1 | 27.9 ± 6.8 | Fruits, All vegetables | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | food frequency questionnaire | 7 | adjusted for age and pre-pregnancy BMI. |
Yong et al. 2021 | Malaysia | 2 | 452 | 48 | 30.0 ± 4.4 | 23.7 ± 4.8 | Fruit juice, | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | 7 | adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, and gestational weight gain, total energy. |
Goshtasebi et al. 2018 | Iran | 1 | 1,026 | 708 | 26.7 ± 4.3 | 25.4 ± 4.5 | Starchy vegetables | 100 g 3-h oral glucose tolerance test | semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire | 6 | adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of GDM, family history of diabetes, total energy intake, total fiber, and cholesterol intake. |
Li, Sun, et al. 2021 | China | 1 | 1,444 | 520 | 28.6 ± 4.0 | 20.6 ± 3.0 | Starchy vegetables | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | 3-day food record | 6 | adjusted for age, level of education, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, and the consumption of whole grains, fruits, meat, fish, and other vegetables. |
Tryggvadottir et al. 2016 | Iceland | 1.5 | 168 | 17 | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 28.6 ± 1.8 | All vegetables | 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test | 4-day weighed food record | 6 | adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, energy intake, weekly weight gain, and total met. |