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Table 2 Summary of results from European observational studies on diet and gestational diabetes

From: Maternal dietary components in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of observational studies to timely promotion of health

Paper

Regional location

Number of subjects

Study type

Population characteristics

Maternal dietary component

Effects of diet on GD

Tryggvadottir EA, et al. 2016 [41]

Iceland - Europa

n:168

cohort

women aged 18 to 40 years who visited the Prenatal Diagnosis Unit at the National University Hospital, 2012–2013. Gestational age between 19 and 24 weeks.

pregnancy dietary pattern

Prudent dietary pattern: Odds Ratio = 0.54; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.30, 0.98; Prudent pattern in overweight/obese before pregnancy: OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.18–0.83

Kozlowska A, et al. 2018 [42]

Polish- Europa

n:113

cross-sectional

women > 20 weeks of gestation who visited the Medical University of Warsaw, 2016–2018.

vitamin and mineral pregnancy dietary intake

Mean vitamin C intake was higher in controls than among cases (p-value: 0.04). Mean calcium intake was higher in controls than among cases (p-value: 0.01)

Bartáková V, et al. 2018 [43]

Czech Republic - Europe

n:363 cases:293 controls:70

case-control

women aged 29–36 years who visited the Diabetes Centre of the University Hospital Brno. Gestational age between 24 and 30 weeks.

pregnancy food intake

Dairy products OR = 3.149; 95% CI: 1.180–8.403, p-value: 0.022; goodies OR = 7.600; 95% CI: 0.996–57.964, p-value: 0.050; sweet beverages OR = 10.510; 95% CI: 1.395–79.173, p-value: 0.022

Donazar-Ezcurra M, et al.2017 [44]

Spanish - Europe

n: 3455

cohort

women prevenient of The SUN project cohort, 2013–2015

pre-pregnancy dietary patterns

Western dietary pattern: OR = 1,56; 95% CI 1,00- 2,43

Mari Sanchis A et al. 2018 [45]

Spanish - Europe

n: 3298

cohort

women prevenient of The SUN project cohort, 2012–2014

pre-pregnancy meat and iron intake

Total meat consumption: OR = 1.67; 95% CI 1.06–2.63; p-trend 0.010; red meat consumption: OR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.49–3.78: p-trend< 0.001; processed meat consumption: OR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.26–3.21; p-trend 0.003

Petry CJ, et al. 2019 [46]

United Kingdom- Europe

n: 865

cohort

pregnant women of 12 weeks of gestation. Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS) recruits.

eggs consumption

Eggs consumption was negatively associated with GDM (p = 0.03)

Nicolì F, et al. 2021 [47]

Italy - Europe

n: 376

cohort

Women from the Diabetes Clinic of the University Hospital of Pisa, 2019. No data about age or gestational age

Consumption of non- nutritive-sweetened soft drinks

Non-nutritive-sweetened soft drinks intake: OR 1.814; 95% CI: 1.145–2.874; p = 0.011

Yuste Gomez A et al. 2022 [48]

Spain - Europe

n: 103

cohort

women over 16 years old from La Paz University Hospital, no data available about follow-up time. Gestational age < 16 weeks.

pregnancy food intake

Differences in white bread consumption among pregnant women who develop GDM and controls (p = 0,012)