Skip to main content

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants according to quartiles (Q) of the dietary inflammatory score

From: High dietary and lifestyle inflammatory scores are associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease in Iranian adults

Variables

Dietary inflammatory score

P trend

Q1

n = 1511

Q2

n = 1511

Q3

n = 1511

Q4

n = 1511

Demographic, anthropometrics, and other dataa

DIS score, median (interquartile)

-0.73 (-1.07, -0.50)

-0.14 (-0.25, -0.03)

0.24 (0.15, 0.35)

0.65 (0.50, 0.83)

 < 0.001

Age (years)

41.4 ± 12.7

39.1 ± 12.6

37.5 ± 12.5

33.4 ± 12.0

 < 0.001

Men (%)

34.5

42.5

50.6

55.0

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

27.6 ± 4.6

27.1 ± 4.6

26.5 ± 4.8

25.8 ± 4.6

 < 0.001

Smoking (%)

9.8

11.7

13.1

15.0

 < 0.001

Physical activity (MET/hour/week)

62.1 (22.3 – 104.1)

62.0 (22.3 – 102.5)

69.2 (29.8 – 107.4)

68.9 (23.8 – 108.7)

0.009

Academic education, N (%)

23.0

25.3

26.7

21.8

0.008

Type 2 diabetes (%)

5.5

4.5

4.1

2.5

 < 0.001

Hypertension (%)

11.8

9.2

9.1

7.3

0.001

Clinical datab

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.03 ± 0.12

1.03 ± 0.12

1.02 ± 0.12

1.03 ± 0.12

0.741

Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2)

79.8 ± 10.0

79.7 ± 9.8

80.0 ± 9.8

80.0 ± 10.0

0.748

Nutrient Intakec

Energy(Kcal/d)

2410 (2374—2446)

2385 (2349—2420)

2376 (2341—2412)

2238 (2202—2274)

 < 0.001

Carbohydrate(% of energy)

60.3 (59.9 – 60.9)

58.2 (57.8 – 58.6)

57.7 (57.3 –58.2)

56.9 (56.5 – 57.3)

 < 0.001

Protein(% of energy)

15.1 (14.8 – 15.4)

14.6 (14.3 – 14.9)

14.4 (14.1 – 14.7)

13.9 (13.6 – 14.2)

 < 0.001

Fat(% of energy)

29.9 (29.3 – 30.6)

30.7 (30.0 – 31.3)

30.7 (30.1 – 31.4)

31.5 (30.8 – 32.2)

0.015

DIS componentsc

Leafy greens and Cruciferous vegetables (g/d)

41.5 (39.5 – 43.6)

28.0 (25.9 – 30.0)

21.3 (19.2 – 23.3)

15.0 (12.9 – 17.0)

 < 0.001

Tomatoes(g/d)

163.4 (159.0 – 167.8)

104 (99.8 – 108.5)

74.2 (69.8 – 78.5)

47.1 (42.6 – 51.5)

 < 0.001

Apples and berries(g/d)

161.1 (156.9 – 165.2)

92.4 (88.3 – 96.5)

60.0 (56.0—6401)

32.9 (28.8- 37.1)

 < 0.001

Deep yellow or orange Vegetables and fruit(g/d)

108.5 (105.1—111.8)

61.5 (58.204—64.8)

41.9 (38.6—45.2)

24.6 (21.2—27.9)

 < 0.001

Other fruits and real fruit juices(g/d)

440 (428—452)

302 (291—314)

221 (209—232)

139 (127—151)

 < 0.001

Other vegetables(g/d)

222 (217—227)

168 (163—173)

138 (133—143)

98 (93—103)

 < 0.001

Legumes(g/d)

38.7 (36.7—40.6)

35.9 (34.0—37.8)

35.6 (33.7—37.5)

28.5 (26.6—30.4)

 < 0.001

Fish(g/d)

12.5 (11.6—13.5)

12.2 (11.2—13.1)

11.0 (10.1 – 12.0)

8.9 (7.9—9.9)

 < 0.001

Poultry(g/d)

36.0 (34.4—37.6)

30.1 (28.6—31.7)

26.7 (25.1—28.2)

21.051 (19.5—22.6)

 < 0.001

Red and organ meats(g/d)

35.4 (34.0—36.8)

36.7 (35.3—38.1)

38.1 (36.8—39.5)

38.0 (36.6—39.4)

 < 0.001

Processed meats(g/week)

1.97 (0.32—4.92)

3.44 (0.81- 6.89)

3.94 (1.21- 8.87)

6.07 (2.95 – 16.61)

 < 0.001

Added sugars(g/d)

80.9 (75.8—86.0)

86.0 (81.0—91.0)

92.7 (87.7—97.7)

90.7 (85.6—95.8)

0.008

High-fat dairy(g/d)

140 (132—148)

148 (140—156)

153 (145—160)

136 (128—144)

0.012

Low-fat dairy(g/d)

242 (233—251)

229 (220—238)

209 (200—218)

171 (161—180)

 < 0.001

Coffee and tea(g/d)

762 (734—789)

648 (621—674)

584 (558—611.7)

467 (439—494)

 < 0.001

Nuts(g/d)

12.5 (11.8—13.1)

8.4 (7.7 – 9.0)

6.5 (5.8—7.1)

4.2 (3.5—4.8)

 < 0.001

Other fats(g/d)

23.0 (22.0—24.1)

27.3 (26.4—28.4)

28.2 (27.1—29.2

31.7 (30.7—32.8)

 < 0.001

Refined grains and Starchy vegetables(g/d)

395 (384—405)

465 (455—475)

522 (512—532)

566 (555—576)

 < 0.001

  1. a Data were represented as mean ± SD, or median (IQR 25–75) for continuous variables and percent for categorical variables. Chi-square and linear regression were used to test the trend of continuous and categorical variables across quartiles of the DIS (as the median value in each quartile), respectively
  2. bData were represented as mean ± SD computed using univariate analysis adjusted for age and sex across quartiles of DIS, and P-value of the univariate analysis was reported as P for trend
  3. cData were represented as mean (95%CI) computed using univariate analysis adjusted for age and sex across quartiles of DIS, and P-value of the univariate analysis was reported as P for trend