Variables | Dietary inflammatory score | P trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 n = 1511 | Q2 n = 1511 | Q3 n = 1511 | Q4 n = 1511 | ||
Demographic, anthropometrics, and other dataa | |||||
DIS score, median (interquartile) | -0.73 (-1.07, -0.50) | -0.14 (-0.25, -0.03) | 0.24 (0.15, 0.35) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.83) |  < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 41.4 ± 12.7 | 39.1 ± 12.6 | 37.5 ± 12.5 | 33.4 ± 12.0 |  < 0.001 |
Men (%) | 34.5 | 42.5 | 50.6 | 55.0 |  < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 26.5 ± 4.8 | 25.8 ± 4.6 |  < 0.001 |
Smoking (%) | 9.8 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 15.0 |  < 0.001 |
Physical activity (MET/hour/week) | 62.1 (22.3 – 104.1) | 62.0 (22.3 – 102.5) | 69.2 (29.8 – 107.4) | 68.9 (23.8 – 108.7) | 0.009 |
Academic education, N (%) | 23.0 | 25.3 | 26.7 | 21.8 | 0.008 |
Type 2 diabetes (%) | 5.5 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 2.5 |  < 0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 11.8 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 0.001 |
Clinical datab | |||||
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 1.02 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 0.741 |
Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.8 ± 10.0 | 79.7 ± 9.8 | 80.0 ± 9.8 | 80.0 ± 10.0 | 0.748 |
Nutrient Intakec | |||||
Energy(Kcal/d) | 2410 (2374—2446) | 2385 (2349—2420) | 2376 (2341—2412) | 2238 (2202—2274) |  < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate(% of energy) | 60.3 (59.9 – 60.9) | 58.2 (57.8 – 58.6) | 57.7 (57.3 –58.2) | 56.9 (56.5 – 57.3) |  < 0.001 |
Protein(% of energy) | 15.1 (14.8 – 15.4) | 14.6 (14.3 – 14.9) | 14.4 (14.1 – 14.7) | 13.9 (13.6 – 14.2) |  < 0.001 |
Fat(% of energy) | 29.9 (29.3 – 30.6) | 30.7 (30.0 – 31.3) | 30.7 (30.1 – 31.4) | 31.5 (30.8 – 32.2) | 0.015 |
DIS componentsc | |||||
Leafy greens and Cruciferous vegetables (g/d) | 41.5 (39.5 – 43.6) | 28.0 (25.9 – 30.0) | 21.3 (19.2 – 23.3) | 15.0 (12.9 – 17.0) |  < 0.001 |
Tomatoes(g/d) | 163.4 (159.0 – 167.8) | 104 (99.8 – 108.5) | 74.2 (69.8 – 78.5) | 47.1 (42.6 – 51.5) |  < 0.001 |
Apples and berries(g/d) | 161.1 (156.9 – 165.2) | 92.4 (88.3 – 96.5) | 60.0 (56.0—6401) | 32.9 (28.8- 37.1) |  < 0.001 |
Deep yellow or orange Vegetables and fruit(g/d) | 108.5 (105.1—111.8) | 61.5 (58.204—64.8) | 41.9 (38.6—45.2) | 24.6 (21.2—27.9) |  < 0.001 |
Other fruits and real fruit juices(g/d) | 440 (428—452) | 302 (291—314) | 221 (209—232) | 139 (127—151) |  < 0.001 |
Other vegetables(g/d) | 222 (217—227) | 168 (163—173) | 138 (133—143) | 98 (93—103) |  < 0.001 |
Legumes(g/d) | 38.7 (36.7—40.6) | 35.9 (34.0—37.8) | 35.6 (33.7—37.5) | 28.5 (26.6—30.4) |  < 0.001 |
Fish(g/d) | 12.5 (11.6—13.5) | 12.2 (11.2—13.1) | 11.0 (10.1 – 12.0) | 8.9 (7.9—9.9) |  < 0.001 |
Poultry(g/d) | 36.0 (34.4—37.6) | 30.1 (28.6—31.7) | 26.7 (25.1—28.2) | 21.051 (19.5—22.6) |  < 0.001 |
Red and organ meats(g/d) | 35.4 (34.0—36.8) | 36.7 (35.3—38.1) | 38.1 (36.8—39.5) | 38.0 (36.6—39.4) |  < 0.001 |
Processed meats(g/week) | 1.97 (0.32—4.92) | 3.44 (0.81- 6.89) | 3.94 (1.21- 8.87) | 6.07 (2.95 – 16.61) |  < 0.001 |
Added sugars(g/d) | 80.9 (75.8—86.0) | 86.0 (81.0—91.0) | 92.7 (87.7—97.7) | 90.7 (85.6—95.8) | 0.008 |
High-fat dairy(g/d) | 140 (132—148) | 148 (140—156) | 153 (145—160) | 136 (128—144) | 0.012 |
Low-fat dairy(g/d) | 242 (233—251) | 229 (220—238) | 209 (200—218) | 171 (161—180) |  < 0.001 |
Coffee and tea(g/d) | 762 (734—789) | 648 (621—674) | 584 (558—611.7) | 467 (439—494) |  < 0.001 |
Nuts(g/d) | 12.5 (11.8—13.1) | 8.4 (7.7 – 9.0) | 6.5 (5.8—7.1) | 4.2 (3.5—4.8) |  < 0.001 |
Other fats(g/d) | 23.0 (22.0—24.1) | 27.3 (26.4—28.4) | 28.2 (27.1—29.2 | 31.7 (30.7—32.8) |  < 0.001 |
Refined grains and Starchy vegetables(g/d) | 395 (384—405) | 465 (455—475) | 522 (512—532) | 566 (555—576) |  < 0.001 |