Tertiles of NCVs | P-trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1(n = 230) | T2(n = 225) | T3(n = 220) | ||
Age(year) | 37.0 ± 8.3 | 38.2 ± 8.5 | 39.5 ± 9.6 | 0.002 |
Male, n (%) | 160 (61.5) | 114 (51.1) | 84 (43.8) | 0.001 |
BMI(Kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 4.1 | 26.7 ± 4.4 | 26.9 ± 4.4 | 0.687 |
Smoking, n (%) | 9 (3.5) | 11 (4.9) | 8 (4.2) | 0.722 |
Physical activity (MET/min/week) | 1462 ± 862 | 1454 ± 850 | 1368 ± 939 | 0.261 |
SES, n(%) | 0.638 | |||
Low | 100 (38.5) | 88 (39.5) | 70 (36.5) | |
Middle | 90 (34.6) | 87 (39.0) | 75 (39.1) | |
High | 70 (26.9) | 48 (21.5) | 47 (24.5) | |
Dietary intake | ||||
Macro and micronutrients | ||||
Energy intake(Kcal/d) | 2416 ± 677 | 2308 ± 593 | 2044 ± 579 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 55.8 ± 7.1 | 55.7 ± 6.4 | 56.1 ± 6.9 | 0.653 |
protein(% of energy) | 13.1 ± 2.3 | 13.1 ± 2.1 | 13.5 ± 2.4 | 0.046 |
fat(% of energy) | 31.0 ± 7.0 | 31.0 ± 6.3 | 30.2 ± 7.1 | 0.264 |
Saturated fatty acids(% of energy) | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 0.238 |
Fiber (g/1000 Kcal) | 15.4 ± 7.9 | 15.9 ± 5.9 | 17.3 ± 7.1 | 0.005 |
fructose(g/1000Kcal) | 6.6 ± 2.7 | 8.0 ± 3.5 | 9.1 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Vitamin E(mg/1000Kcal) | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.5 | 0.048 |
Food groups | ||||
Whole grains (g/day) | 74.5 (27.3–130.9) | 56.0 (29.4–112.6) | 47.3 (24.4–92.2) | < 0.001 |
Refined grains (g/day) | 381 ± 193 | 324 ± 147 | 276 ± 135 | < 0.001 |
High fat dairy products (g/d) | 186 ± 150 | 151 ± 133 | 125 ± 110 | < 0.001 |
Fruits(g/day) | 282 ± 215 | 351 ± 238 | 339 ± 225 | 0.010 |
Nuts and legume (g/d) | 21.37 ± 24.5 | 23.3 ± 19.5 | 22.6 ± 24.9 | 0.560 |
Red and process meat(g/day) | 24.7 ± 19.2 | 22.8 ± 17.3 | 20.9 ± 16.9 | 0.028 |