Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (HFCS sweetened drinks)a
Characteristic | Total (n = 5396) | HFCS sweetened soft drink intake quantiles (servings/day)1 | P-value2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantile1 (n = 1470) | Quantile2 (n = 1259) | Quantile3 (n = 1279) | Quantile4 (n = 1388) | |||
Age, years | 45.40 ± 0.46 | 52.47 ± 0.87 | 46.60 ± 0.66 | 42.63 ± 0.50 | 39.58 ± 0.53 | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 2607 (50.50) | 608 (39.97) | 578 (47.08) | 671 (55.88) | 750 (59.43) | |
Female | 2789 (49.50) | 862 (60.03) | 681 (52.92) | 608 (44.12) | 638 (40.57) | |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 2626 (70.50) | 838 (74.61) | 601 (69.21) | 544 (66.40) | 643 (71.02) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1202 (11.84) | 241 (8.87) | 284 (12.54) | 318 (13.90) | 359 (12.44) | |
Hispanic | 171 (3.65) | 47 (3.62) | 36 (3.11) | 46 (4.69) | 42 (3.25) | |
Mexican American | 1169 (8.27) | 265 (5.88) | 279 (8.21) | 331 (10.50) | 294 (8.79) | |
Other race | 228 (5.74) | 79 (7.02) | 59 (6.92) | 40 (4.51) | 50 (4.50) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Less than high school | 1400 (18.48) | 374 (16.26) | 311 (16.49) | 328 (18.84) | 387 (22.27) | |
High school graduate | 1242 (27.82) | 320 (24.33) | 289 (25.58) | 293 (27.91) | 340 (33.40) | |
Some college or AA degree | 1315 (30.46) | 364 (28.39) | 329 (31.11) | 321 (32.36) | 301 (33.36) | |
College graduate or above | 866 (23.17) | 325 (30.85) | 233 (26.73) | 181 (20.88) | 127 (13.98) | |
Poverty income ratio, n (%) | 0.016 | |||||
< 130% | 1616 (21.50) | 392 (18.48) | 346 (19.01) | 386 (21.42) | 492 (26.70) | |
≥ 130% | 3516 (78.50) | 996 (81.52) | 854 (80.99) | 828 (78.58) | 838 (73.30) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.2 | |||||
Inactive | 176 (5.22) | 35 (3.89) | 41 (4.63) | 40 (6.43) | 60 (6.10) | |
Insufficiently active | 1621 (48.67) | 469 (46.72) | 343 (48.29) | 365 (48.78) | 444 (50.89) | |
Sufficiently active | 1529 (46.11) | 445 (49.40) | 330 (47.08) | 318 (44.79) | 436 (43.01) | |
History of hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 3235 (62.14) | 768 (54.57) | 733 (62.70) | 818 (66.37) | 916 (65.67) | |
Yes | 2158 (37.86) | 701 (45.43) | 525 (37.30) | 460 (33.63) | 472 (34.33) | |
Diuretic use, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 4783 (90.27) | 1216 (84.12) | 1120 (91.65) | 1162 (91.81) | 1285 (93.97) | |
Yes | 613 (9.73) | 254 (15.88) | 139 (8.35) | 117 (8.19) | 103 (6.03) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.89 ± 0.17 | 27.16 ± 0.25 | 27.84 ± 0.29 | 27.90 ± 0.22 | 28.67 ± 0.29 | 0.005 |
Na, mmol/L | 139.09 ± 0.07 | 138.92 ± 0.10 | 139.20 ± 0.09 | 139.08 ± 0.10 | 139.16 ± 0.09 | 0.3 |
K, mmol/L | 3.98 ± 0.01 | 4.00 ± 0.02 | 3.98 ± 0.01 | 3.99 ± 0.01 | 3.95 ± 0.01 | 0.023 |
Cl, mmol/L | 103.63 ± 0.07 | 103.28 ± 0.11 | 103.78 ± 0.09 | 103.75 ± 0.09 | 103.77 ± 0.13 | 0.006 |
UA, mmol/L | 320.46 ± 1.57 | 312.51 ± 3.09 | 315.46 ± 2.56 | 325.30 ± 2.91 | 327.41 ± 2.71 | < 0.001 |
Osmolality, mmol/kg | 277.36 ± 0.15 | 277.56 ± 0.26 | 277.66 ± 0.20 | 277.21 ± 0.21 | 277.03 ± 0.19 | 0.037 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 91.99 ± 0.57 | 85.50 ± 1.13 | 91.60 ± 0.92 | 93.75 ± 0.70 | 97.37 ± 0.62 | < 0.001 |
HFCS sweetened soft drink intake, servings/day | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.001 | 0.14 ± 0.002 | 0.54 ± 0.006 | 2.33 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
Dietary sodium intake, mg/day | 3406.6 ± 41.97 | 3126.90 ± 59.16 | 3354.06 ± 65.13 | 3541.58 ± 78.55 | 3.620.39 ± 64.46 | < 0.001 |
Total moisture intake, g/day | 2251.20 ± 31.63 | 2296.55 ± 63.55 | 2191.80 ± 47.53 | 2261.70 ± 46.40 | 2247.79 ± 30.29 | 0.140 |
Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2135.10 ± 21.56 | 1938.31 ± 32.41 | 2051.48 ± 39.41 | 2229.07 ± 48.13 | 2327.41 ± 29.41 | < 0.001 |