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Table 1 Characteristics of participants

From: Skipping breakfast during pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Japanese women: the Tohoku medical megabank project birth and three-generation cohort study

 

Frequency of breakfast consumption

p-value1

Everyday

5–6 times/week

3–4 times/week

0–2 times/week

n (%) or mean (SD)

Participants

13,945

(74.2)

1882

(10.0)

1284

(6.8)

1675

(8.9)

 

Age at delivery

 <25 years

805

(5.8)

235

(12.5)

203

(15.8)

328

(19.6)

< 0.0001

 25–29 years

3519

(25.2)

620

(32.9)

429

(33.4)

568

(33.9)

 30–34 years

5362

(38.5)

643

(34.2)

428

(33.3)

491

(29.3)

 ≥35 years

4259

(30.5)

384

(20.4)

224

(17.5)

288

(17.2)

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)

 <18.5

1772

(12.7)

249

(13.2)

175

(13.6)

248

(14.8)

< 0.0001

 18.5–24.9

10,431

(74.8)

1376

(73.1)

904

(70.4)

1163

(69.4)

 ≥25.0

1742

(12.5)

257

(13.7)

205

(16.0)

264

(15.8)

Equivalent household income (/year)

 <4 million Japanese yen

4735

(34.0)

789

(41.9)

552

(43.0)

800

(47.8)

< 0.0001

 4–5 million Japanese yen

4656

(33.4)

559

(29.7)

410

(31.9)

466

(27.8)

 ≥6 million Japanese yen

4554

(32.7)

534

(28.4)

322

(25.1)

409

(24.4)

Smoking status

 Never

8876

(63.7)

1053

(56.0)

644

(50.2)

727

(43.4)

< 0.0001

 Quit before pregnancy

3347

(24.0)

440

(23.4)

296

(23.1)

332

(19.8)

 Quit after pregnancy

1538

(11.0)

320

(17.0)

278

(21.7)

494

(29.5)

 Current

184

(1.3)

69

(3.7)

66

(5.1)

122

(7.3)

Alcohol consumption

 Never

6535

(46.9)

815

(43.3)

552

(43.0)

655

(39.1)

< 0.0001

 Former

4692

(33.7)

691

(36.7)

453

(35.3)

668

(39.9)

 Current

2718

(19.5)

376

(20.0)

279

(21.7)

352

(21.0)

Parity ≥1

8370

(60.0)

678

(36.0)

447

(34.8)

496

(29.6)

< 0.0001

Gestational diabetes

345

(2.5)

46

(2.4)

29

(2.3)

50

(3.0)

0.58

Morning sickness

 Never

1920

(13.8)

282

(15.0)

194

(15.1)

273

(16.3)

< 0.0001

 Nausea only

6394

(45.9)

787

(41.8)

538

(41.9)

647

(38.6)

 Able to eat with vomiting

4210

(30.2)

615

(32.7)

398

(31.0)

527

(31.5)

 Unable to eat with vomiting

1421

(10.2)

198

(10.5)

154

(12.0)

228

(13.6)

Insomnia

4601

(33.0)

718

(38.2)

511

(39.8)

715

(42.7)

< 0.0001

  1. SD standard deviation
  2. 1Compared using the chi-square test for categorical variables and an analysis of variance for continuous variables