| Frequency of breakfast consumption | p-value1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Everyday | 5–6 times/week | 3–4 times/week | 0–2 times/week | ||||||
n (%) or mean (SD) | |||||||||
Participants | 13,945 | (74.2) | 1882 | (10.0) | 1284 | (6.8) | 1675 | (8.9) | Â |
Age at delivery | |||||||||
 <25 years | 805 | (5.8) | 235 | (12.5) | 203 | (15.8) | 328 | (19.6) | < 0.0001 |
 25–29 years | 3519 | (25.2) | 620 | (32.9) | 429 | (33.4) | 568 | (33.9) | |
 30–34 years | 5362 | (38.5) | 643 | (34.2) | 428 | (33.3) | 491 | (29.3) | |
 ≥35 years | 4259 | (30.5) | 384 | (20.4) | 224 | (17.5) | 288 | (17.2) | |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||||
 <18.5 | 1772 | (12.7) | 249 | (13.2) | 175 | (13.6) | 248 | (14.8) | < 0.0001 |
 18.5–24.9 | 10,431 | (74.8) | 1376 | (73.1) | 904 | (70.4) | 1163 | (69.4) | |
 ≥25.0 | 1742 | (12.5) | 257 | (13.7) | 205 | (16.0) | 264 | (15.8) | |
Equivalent household income (/year) | |||||||||
 <4 million Japanese yen | 4735 | (34.0) | 789 | (41.9) | 552 | (43.0) | 800 | (47.8) | < 0.0001 |
 4–5 million Japanese yen | 4656 | (33.4) | 559 | (29.7) | 410 | (31.9) | 466 | (27.8) | |
 ≥6 million Japanese yen | 4554 | (32.7) | 534 | (28.4) | 322 | (25.1) | 409 | (24.4) | |
Smoking status | |||||||||
 Never | 8876 | (63.7) | 1053 | (56.0) | 644 | (50.2) | 727 | (43.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Quit before pregnancy | 3347 | (24.0) | 440 | (23.4) | 296 | (23.1) | 332 | (19.8) | |
 Quit after pregnancy | 1538 | (11.0) | 320 | (17.0) | 278 | (21.7) | 494 | (29.5) | |
 Current | 184 | (1.3) | 69 | (3.7) | 66 | (5.1) | 122 | (7.3) | |
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
 Never | 6535 | (46.9) | 815 | (43.3) | 552 | (43.0) | 655 | (39.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Former | 4692 | (33.7) | 691 | (36.7) | 453 | (35.3) | 668 | (39.9) | |
 Current | 2718 | (19.5) | 376 | (20.0) | 279 | (21.7) | 352 | (21.0) | |
Parity ≥1 | 8370 | (60.0) | 678 | (36.0) | 447 | (34.8) | 496 | (29.6) | < 0.0001 |
Gestational diabetes | 345 | (2.5) | 46 | (2.4) | 29 | (2.3) | 50 | (3.0) | 0.58 |
Morning sickness | |||||||||
 Never | 1920 | (13.8) | 282 | (15.0) | 194 | (15.1) | 273 | (16.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Nausea only | 6394 | (45.9) | 787 | (41.8) | 538 | (41.9) | 647 | (38.6) | |
 Able to eat with vomiting | 4210 | (30.2) | 615 | (32.7) | 398 | (31.0) | 527 | (31.5) | |
 Unable to eat with vomiting | 1421 | (10.2) | 198 | (10.5) | 154 | (12.0) | 228 | (13.6) | |
Insomnia | 4601 | (33.0) | 718 | (38.2) | 511 | (39.8) | 715 | (42.7) | < 0.0001 |