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Table 3 Content validity of screener items

From: Development of the Penn Healthy Diet screener with reference to adult dietary intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Screener Item

Clarity CVI

Relevance CVI

Water (8 oz)

1.0

1.0

Coffee or tea (8 oz)

1.0

0.86

Do you add half and half or whipped cream to your coffee or tea?

1.0

1.0

Do you add sugar, honey, or flavored creamers to your coffee or tea?

1.0

1.0

Do you add artificial sweeteners to your coffee or tea?

1.0

0.86

Sugar-sweetened drinks such as soda, sports drinks, fruit drink or fruit punch (8 oz)

1.0

1.0

Diet soda (8 oz)

1.0

1.0

Protein shakes or supplements (8 oz)

0.81

1.0

Liquid calorie and protein supplements such as Boost or Ensure (8 oz)

0.86

1.0

Beer (12 oz); wine (5 oz), spirits (1-oz shot), or wine cooler (12 oz)

1.0

1.0

Fruit juice with no added sugar (8 oz)

0.91

0.91

Fruit (not juice) such as apples, bananas, oranges, tangerines (piece), or berries (cup)

1.0

1.0

Green, leafy vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, kale, or salad (1 cup cooked or ½ cup raw)

1.0

0.91

Red or orange vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes, peppers, or squash (1 cup cooked or ½ cup raw)

1.0

0.91

Whole grain bread (1 slice)

0.91

1.0

Cooked whole grains such as oats, quinoa, brown rice, or whole wheat pasta (1 cup)

0.91

1.0

White bread (slice); rolls, taco shells, tortillas or burritos (each) or boxed cereal (1 cup)

1.0

1.0

Cooked or fried white rice, dumplings, pasta, noodles, grits, baked or boiled potatoes or sweet potatoes but not French fries (1 cup)

1.0

1.0

Milk (1 cup)

0.91

1.0

Yogurt (1 cup)

0.86

0.86

Cheese (size of a pair of dice) or 1 slice (1 oz)

1.0

1.0

Do you use regular fat milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese?

1.0

0.9

Eggs (each)

1.0

1.0

Poultry such as chicken, turkey, or duck (size of deck of cards or 3 oz) not fried

1.0

1.0

Fish (deck of cards or 3 oz) or shellfish such as shrimp (5–6 pieces or 3 oz) or clams (12 medium or 3 oz) or mussels (25 or 3 oz) not fried

1.0

1.0

Plant proteins such as beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, hummus, or tofu (1 cup)

1.0

1.0

Red meat or pork (size of deck of cards or 3 oz)

1.0

1.0

Cold cuts or lunchmeat such as ham or bologna (slice), kielbasa or hot dog (each)

1.0

1.0

Nuts or seeds (1 handful or ¼ cup) or nut butter (1 tablespoon)

1.0

1.0

Desserts such as cake or pie, (piece), or ice cream (1/2 cup)

1.0

1.0

Snacks such as cookies, brownies, donuts, or candy bars (each small)

1.0

1.0

Salty snacks such as potato chips (1 oz), nachos/corn chips (10–15), or crackers (6), pretzels (10 mini), or popcorn (3/4 cup)

0.91

0.91

Fried foods such as fried chicken or fish (piece), or French fries (12–15 each)

1.0

1.0

Fast food meals; Asian takeout or fried eggroll; nachos; or pizza (meals each week)

1.0

0.91

Do you use olive oil or vegetable oil (not coconut oil) on foods or in cooking?

1.0

0.91

Do you add butter or gravy to bread, rolls, biscuits, or potatoes?

1.0

1.0

Do you add salt to your food at the table?

1.0

1.0

Instrument CVI

0.971

0.971

  1. CVI Content Validity Index, I-CVI Instrument Content Validity Index