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Table 1 Sample characterization according to gender, and handgrip strength (mean and standard deviation) according to adolescents’ demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and food consumption characteristics. São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, 2016/2017

From: The consumption of culinary preparations and ultra-processed food is associated with handgrip strength in teenagers

 

Boys

Girls

 

HGS

 
   

Boys

Girls

 

n

%

">n

%

">p

">n(%)

">n(%)

">p

Age (years)

    

0.008

   

18

843

49.6

855

50.4

 

34.9(7.8)

21.3(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

19

322

43.8

413

56.2

 

36(7.6)

21.7(4.8)

 ≤ 0.001*

Years of education completed

    

 < 0.001

   

0 to 8

85

65.9

44

34.1

 

34.5(7.8)

20.7(4.3)

 ≤ 0.001*

9 to 11

1.010

47.3

1.124

52.7

 

35.4(7.7)

21.4(4.8)

 ≤ 0.001*

12 or more

64

40.8

93

59.2

 

34.0(6.9)

22.0(5.0)

 ≤ 0.001*

Skin color

    

0.397

   

White

219

45.3

264

54.7

 

34.7(7.3)

21.3(4.6)

 ≤ 0.001*

Black

190

47.6

209

52.4

 

35.3(8.0)

21.8(4.8)

 ≤ 0.001*

Mixed race

751

48.9

786

51.1

 

35.4(7.8)

21.4(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

Socioeconomic Status

    

 < 0.001

   

A-B

324

50.8

314

49.2

 

35(7.2)

21.4(4.7)

 ≤ 0.001*

C

537

49.4

549

50.6

 

35.1(7.8)

21.4(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

D-E

161

37.0

274

63.0

 

36.2(8.1)

21.3(5.1)

 ≤ 0.001*

Work

    

 < 0.001

   

No

947

46.2

1.101

53.7

 

34.9(7.6)

21.3(4.8)

 ≤ 0.001*

Yes

218

56.6

167

43.4

 

36.8(7.8)

22.0(5.0)

 ≤ 0.001*

Tobacco smoking

    

 < 0.001

   

No

1.106

47.1

1.241

52.9

 

35.2(7.8)

21.4(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

Yes

59

68.6

27

31.4

 

35(5.9)

22(3.5)

 ≤ 0.001*

Alcohol consumption

    

 < 0.001

   

No

622

44.0

791

56.0

 

35.6(7.9)

21.04(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

Yes

531

53.0

471

47.0

 

34.9(7.4)

21.5(4.7)

 ≤ 0.001*

Recurrent major depressive episodes

    

 < 0.001

   

No

1.124

50.0

1.125

50.0

 

35.3(7.7)

21.4(4.8)

 ≤ 0.001*

Yes

41

22.3

143

77.7

 

32.2(8.3)

21.6(5.3)

 ≤ 0.001*

Total Physical Activity

    

 < 0.001

   

Insufficiently active

478

35.9

852

64.1

 

34.1(7.7)

21.2(4.8)

 ≤ 0.001*

Physically active

671

62.3

406

37.7

 

36(7.5)

21.9(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

Culinary preparations (%)

    

0.026

   

1st tertile

354

44.2

446

55.8

 

34.1(7.5)

21.2(4.4)

 ≤ 0.001*

2nd tertile

390

48.6

413

51.4

 

35.2(7.3)

21.5(5.2)

 ≤ 0.001*

3rd tertile

413

50.9

399

49.1

 

36.2(8.1)

21.6(4.9)

 ≤ 0.001*

Processed (%)

    

 < 0.001

   

1st tertile

340

41.9

471

58.1

 

34.7(7.9)

21.5(4.6)

 ≤ 0.001*

2nd tertile

392

49.8

412

51.2

 

35.4(7.7)

21.6 (5.2)

 ≤ 0.001*

3rd tertile

425

53.1

375

46.9

 

35.4(7.6)

21.1(4.7)

 ≤ 0.001*

Ultra-processed (%)

    

0.005

   

1st tertile

418

51.9

391

48.1

 

36.2(8.1)

21.5(5.1)

 ≤ 0.001*

2nd tertile

393

48.8

418

51.1

 

35.4(7.3)

21.5(5.0)

 ≤ 0.001*

3rd tertile

346

43.0

449

57.0

 

33.8(7.5)

21.3(4.5)

 ≤ 0.001*

  1. Caption Handgrip strength, HGS Chi-square test, *Wilcoxon test