Reference | Study type | Country (study name) | study population | Intervention in trial or lifestyle variables in observational studies | Measurement | Glycemic parameters | Mean of BMI at baseline | Mean of age at baseline | Genotype |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary variables | |||||||||
Pilgaard et al., 2009 [41] | Meal test trial | Denmark | 47 young healthy men with glucose-tolerant | Standardized meals that served at 15 min (breakfast), 3 h and 15 min (lunch), 9 h (dinner), and 12 h and 30 min (sandwich), and a standardized light exercise on a bicycle was performed at 2 and 5 h | 24 h profiles | glucose, insulin | 23.8 in CC and 22.7 in CT/TT | 18 to 23 years | rs7903146 |
Gjesing et al., 2011 [38] | Meal test trial | Denmark (Inter99 population-based study) | Thirty-one glucose tolerant individuals with TT genotype and 31 age- and BMI matched individual with CC genotype | A test meal consisting of 50 g white bread, 50 g black bread, 10 g butter, 40 g cheese, 20 g sugar-free jam and 200 ml milk (34% fat, 47% carbohydrate, 19% protein) | 20, 10 and 0 min before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210 and 240 min after ingestion of the meal | Plasma glucose, serum Insulin | 26.3 in CC and 25.7 in TT | 53.6 in CC and 53.3 in TT | rs7903146 |
Perez-Martinez et al., 2012 [29] | Meal test trial | Spain | Eighty-eight healthy male with BMI < 30 kg/m2 | Fatty meal (contained 65% of energy as fat, 10% of energy as protein, and 25% of energy as carbohydrates) | Before the meal and every hour until hour 6, and every 2.5 h until hour 11 | HOMA-B | 24.8 to 25.9 in CC, TT, CT | 21.6 to 22.7 in CC, TT, CT | rs7903146 |
Daniele et al., 2015 [39] | Meal test trial | Italy (Genetic, physiopathology and evaluation of type 2 diabetes study) | Twenty three individuals with IFG and/or IGT and CT/TT genotype and 13 age-, gender-, and weight-matched individuals with CC genotype | A mixed meal consisting of 75 g of glucose dissolved in water spiked with 1.5 g U-13C6-glucose (CIL), 60 g of cheese, and one boiled egg | 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after ingestion of the meal | Glucose peak level, insulin concentration, peak insulin secretion rate, glucose sensitivity, plasma glucose levels | 27.5 in CT/TT and 28.9 in CC | 56.4 in CT/TT and 52.6 in CC | rs7901346 |
Ferreira et al., 2018 [40] | Meal test trial | Brazil | Thirty subjects with type 2 diabetes and CT/TT genotype and 26 age-, BMI, and diabetes duration matched individuals with CC genotype | 500-kcal breakfast comprising 50% carbohydrates, 30% proteins, and 20% fat | at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after ingestion of meal | Plasma glucose Serum insulin and levels, HbA1c | 29.8 in CT/TT 30.2 in CC | 59.6 in CC 57.8 in CT/TT | rs7903146 |
Adamska et al., 2018 [42] | Meal test trial | polish (1000PLUS cohort) | 59 men who were free from T2DM | A standardized high carbohydrate meal (450 kcal: 89% from carbohydrate, 11% from protein, 0% from fat) | 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after ingestion of meal | Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR | 28.3 in TT, 30.0 in CT and 28.6 in CC | 39.2 in TT, 38.6 in CT and 32.0 in CC | Rs7901695, rs7903146, rs4506565 |
Justesen et al., 2019 [10] | Meal test trial | Denmark | 40 healthy men with low birth weight and age-matched controls with normal birth weight subjects | 5-day high fat overfeeding diet (50% excess energy, 60% of energy from fat) and weight maintaining 3-day control diet (35%of energy from fat) | 5-day after intervention and 3-day after control diet | hepatic glucose production, peripheral insulin sensitivity, insulin stimulated glucose disposal rate, hepatic insulin resistance index, first phase insulin response | 23.4 in normal birth weight and 24.8 in low birth weight (Not reported by genotype) | 24 y (Not report by genotype) | rs7903146 |
Cauchi et al., 2008 [32] | RCT | Seven European countries: United Kingdom (England), The Netherlands, France (two centers), Spain, Czech Republic, Sweden and Denmark | Six hundred and sixty-two individuals with normal glucose tolerance and obesity | Two low calorie diets: ● Low-fat diet (20–25% of total energy from fat, 15% from protein and 60–65% from carbohydrate) ● High-fat diet (40–45% of total energy from fat, 15% from protein and 40–45% from carbohydrate) | 10-week | glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β | 35.7 in CC, 35.2 in CT, 35.2 in TT | 20–50 year (did not report based on genotype) | rs7903146 |
Grau et al., 2010 [28] | RCT | Seven European countries: United Kingdom (England), The Netherlands, France (two centers), Spain, Czech Republic, Sweden and Denmark (NUGENOB study) | Six hundred and sixty-two individuals with obesity | Two low calorie diets: ● Low fat diet (20–25% of total energy from fat, 15% from protein, and 60–65% from carbohydrate) ● High fat diet (40–45% of total energy from fat, 15% from protein, and 40–45% from carbohydrate) | 10 week | Fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B | 34.4 to 36.7 in CC, CT and TT genotype in High fat and Low fat interventions groups | Not report | rs7903146 |
Perez-Martinez et al., 2012 [29] | RCT | Spain & Poland (LIPGENE study) | Study 1) One hundred and seventeen individuals with metabolic syndrome Study 2) Twenty elderly with non-diabetes | Study 1) Four isoenergetic diets which differed in fat quantity and quality ● A high-fat,saturated fatty acids-rich diet ● A high-fat, monounsaturated fatty acids-rich diet ● The other 2 diets were low fat, high carbohydrate diets Study 2) Three dietary intervention ● A Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q ● Mediterranean diet not supplemented with coenzyme Q ● A Western diet rich in SFA | Study 1) 12 weeks Study 2) 4-week | HOMA-B | study 1) 34.7 in CT/TT and 34.5 in CC study 2) 30.1 in CT/TT and 33.1 CC | 1) 55.6 in CT/TT and 54.2 in CC 2) 68.4 in CT/TT and 67.5 CC | rs7903146 |
Guevara-Cruz et al., 2012 [44] | RCT | Mexico | Thirty-two individuals with metabolic syndrome | Two low calorie diet: ● Mixture of dehydrated nopal (7 g) equivalent to 100 g of nopal, 4 g of chia seeds, 22 g of oats, 32 g of soybean protein, 0.02 g of sweetener (Splenda), and 1 g flavoring; ● 30 g of calcium caseinate, 30 g of maltodextrin, 0.02 g sweetener, and 1 g flavoring | 2 month | Glucose and insulin | 31.4 in intervention group and 32.6 in control group | Not reported | TCF7L2 C/T |
López-Ortiz et al., 2016 [43] | RCT | Mexico | Seventy-four subjects with type 2 diabetes | Two high fiber diets: ● Nopal tortillas (equivalent to 6·2 g of fiber) ● Diet including three slices of wheat bread (equivalent to 5.5 g of fiber) | 8 week | Glucose, HBA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-B | 31 to 31.3 in both rs7903146 and rs12255372 genotype variants | 51 y | rs7903146 rs12255372 |
Rezazadeh et al., 2018 [45] | RCT | Iran | Fifty six women with metabolic syndrome | ● Four tablets of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) supplementation ● Four placebo per day | 12 weeks | FBS, Insulin, HOMA_IR, Quantitative sensitivity check index (QUICKI) | among TT allele 34.7 in ALE group and 32.4 in placebo group; among C allele 36.6 in ALE group and 33.0 in placebo group | 37.8 in ALE group and 39.0 in placebo group | rs7903146 |
Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al., 2018 [49] | RCT | Iran | Eighty women with metabolic syndrome | ● 1800 mg/d of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) as four tablets ● 1800 mg/d of placebo as four tablets | 12 weeks | FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR | 35.3 in ALE and 33.3 in placebo groups | 38.7 in ALE and 39.1 in placebo | rs7903146 |
Florez et al., 2006 [33] | RCT | USA (Diabetes Prevention Program) | 3548 individuals with IGT and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 | ● Intensive lifestyle modification ● Standard care plus metformin, ● Standard care plus placebo | 1 year | insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity | 33.6 to 34.2 in GG, GT and TT in rs1225372 33.1 to 34.4 in CC, CT, and TT in rs7903146 | 50.5 to 51.3 in GG, GT and TT in rs1225372 50.6 to 51.7 in CC, CT, and TT in rs7903146 | rs7903146 rs12255372 |
Reinehr et al., 2008 [26] | RCT | Germany (Obeldicks intervention program) | 236 children with overweight | ● Intervention: physical exercise, nutrition education and behavior therapy ● Controls: without any intervention | 1 year | Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, QUICKI | BMI-SDS: 2.42 in CC, 2.52 in CT, 2.55 in TT | 10.8 in CC, 10.6 in CT, 10.9 in TT | rs7903146 |
Bo et al., 2009 [46] | RCT | Italy (Asti) | 335 individuals with metabolic syndrome (139 were carrier of the CC variant and 196 were varies of the CT/TT variants) | ● Intervention: A lifestyle intervention program with general recommendations carried out by trained professionals ● Control: Standard, unstructured information given by the family physician | 1-y and 4-y | Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-B, IFG | Intervention group: 30.1 in CC variant and 28.8 in CT variant and 31.0 in TT variants Control group: 29.8 in CC variant, 30.1 in CT variant and 29.2 in TT variant | Intervention group: 55.5 in CC variant, 55.5 in CT variant and 56.8 in TT variants Control group: 56.3 in CC variant, 55.2 in CT variant and 55.8 in TT variant | Rs7903146 |
Haupt et al., 2010 [47] | RCT | Germany (Tuebingen Lifestyle Intervention Program) | 309 individuals who were at risk of type 2 diabetes | ● Exercise and dietary intervention The participants aimed at a weight loss of at least 5%, a reduction of caloric intake from fat of < 30% and an increase of fiber intake to at least 15 g/1000 kcal, and reduction of DFA < 10%. Individual were asked to perform at least 3 h of moderate exercise per week | 9 month | Fasting glucose, glucose 120 min, insulin sensitivity, | 30.3 in CC and 30.0 in CT/TT | 46 in CC and 47 in Ct/TT | Rs7903146, rs12255372 |
McCaffery et al., 2011 [34] | RCT | USA (Diabetes prevention program) | 2994 individuals that were at risk of progression to type 2 diabetes | ● lifestyle intervention aiming at ≥ 7% weight loss and ≥ 150 min of physical activity per week ● Metformin 850 mg twice daily ● Placebo group | Median 2.5 year of follow-up | Insulin | 34.3 in placebo, 34.0 in metformin, 34.0 in lifestyle group | 50.5 y in placebo, 51.0 y in metformin, 50.7 in lifestyle group | rs7903146 |
Mattei et al., 2012 [27] | RCT | USA (The Preventing overweight using novel dietary strategies) | 591 individuals with overweight and obese | Two low calorie diet ● Low fat (2 diets with an aim of 20% from total energy) ● High fat (2 diets with an aim of 40% from total energy) | 6 month and 2 year | Glucose, insulin, | 32.5 to 32.7 in rs7903146 variant and 32.1 to 32.8 in rs12255372 variant | 51.6 to 52.5 in rs7903146 variant and 51.4 to 52.6 in rs12255372 variant | rs12255372 rs7903146 |
Walker et al., 2012 [48] | RCT | UK (RISCK study) | 354 individuals who were at risk of cardiometabolic risk factors | Four isoenergetic diets: ● High monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)/high glycemic index (GI) ● High MUFA/low GI ● Low fat /high GI ● LF/low GI | 24 weeks | AIRg (actue insulin secretion), deposition index, insulin sensitivity | 28.7 for total population | 53.5 for total population | rs7901695 |
Ruchat et al., 2009 [51] | Cross-sectional | Canada (Quebec Family Study) | 669 adults with non-diabetes | Dietary fatty acid (3-day (2 week days, 1 weekend day)) | ––- | Fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, insulin secretion, Two hour glucose, The Cederholm index (adjusted for age and sex) | 27.7 in total population | 40.5 in total population | rs12573128 rs10128255 rs7903146 rs17685538 rs11196205 rs11196203 rs4918789 rs3750804 rs3750805 rs176632 rs11594610 rs1885510 rs7901695 |
Nettleton et al., 2010 [52] | cross-sectional | Europe (14 cohort study) | 48,000 participants with non-diabetes | Whole grain (FFQ (11 cohorts) a lifestyle questionnaire (1 cohort) multiple 24-h recalls (1 cohort) 7-day dietary diaries (1 cohort)) | –- | Fasting glucose and fasting insulin (adjusted for Age, gender, energy intake and center) | From 20.0 to 29.7 in different cohort studies | From 11.2 to 76.4 in different cohort studies | Rs4506565 |
Delgado-Lista et al., 2011 [53] | cross-sectional | Ireland, UK, Norway, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Sweden (LIPGENE dietary intervention study) | 450 participants with non-diabetes | Plasma saturated fatty acids concentration | –- | insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) | 32.6 in CC, 32.3 in CT, 32.5 in TT | 53.7 in CC, 54.9 in CT, 55.3 in TT | rs12255372 rs4506565 rs7901695 rs7903146 rs17685538 rs290481 rs11196224 rs3814573 rs6585196 rs1885510 |
Phillips et al., 2012 [61] | Prospective case control study with 7.5 year follow-up | France (LIPGENE) | 964 participants (participants with Metabolic syndrome who were matched participants with non-metabolic syndrome) | Dietary fatty acid (food frequency questionnaire) | –- | Fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI (adjusted for Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, energy intake, physical activity and medication use) | 25.0 to 26.2 in CC, CT and TT | 57.9 to 58.3 in CC, CT and TT | rs7903146 |
Hindy et al., 2012 [54] | Cross sectional | Sweden (The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study ( MDCS)) | 5216 participants with non-diabetes | Dietary fiber (a 7-day menu book where lunch, dinner meals and cold beverages, including alcohol, were recorded; and a dietary 168-item questionnaire) | –- | HBA1c, fasting glucose | 25.5 to 25.7 in CC, CT and TT (Age, gender, BMI, total energy intake, season and method) | 58.0 to 58.1 in CC, CT and TT | Rs7903146 |
Corella et al., 2013 [55] | cross-sectional | Spain (the PREvención con DIetaMEDiterr_anea (PREDIMED)) | 7018 patients with type 2 diabetes or participants at high risk of cardiovascular risk factors | Mediterranean dietary pattern (food frequency questionnaire) | –- | Fasting glucose concentrations (adjusted for age, sex, BMI, type 2 diabetes, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, medication) | 30.0 in total population | 67.0 in total population | rs7903146 |
Ouhaibi-Djellouli et al., 2014 [56] | Cross sectional | Algeria (Insulino-résistance à Oran (ISOR)) | 720 participants (both diabetic and non-diabetes participants) | Milk and dessert (food frequency questionnaire) | –- | Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B (adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, physical activity, BMI) | 26.4 in CC, 25.7 in CT, 24.9 in TT | 42.8 in non-T2D and 52.0 in T2D subjects | rs7903146 |
Lu et al., 2017 [57] | cross sectional | USA | 120 patients with non-diabetes | Free fatty acid concentration | –– | HOMA-IR (adjusted for Age, gender, BMI) | 27.4 in CC and 27.3 in TT | 41 in CC and 42 in TT | rs7903146 |
Bodhini et al., 2017 [58] | Cross sectional | India (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES)) | 1681 participants (821 normal glucose tolerance and 861 participants with diabetes) | Macronutrient and dietary fiber (food frequency questionnaire) | –- | Fasting plasma glucose (adjusted for age, gender, BMI, energy intake) | 23.6 in normal glucose tolerant and 25.3 in type 2 diabetes participants | 41.3 in normal glucose tolerant and 50.5 in type 2 diabetes participants | rs12255372 rs7903146 |
Barabash et al., 2020 [59] | Cross sectional | Spain (St Carlos GDM prevention study) | 874 pregnant women | Mediterranean dietary pattern (food frequency questionnaire) | –– | Fasting blood glucose (Ethnicity, age, parity, family history of diabetes and BMI) | 23.3 to 24.3 based on adherence to Mediterranean diet | 31.2 to 33.9 based on adherence to Mediterranean diet | rs7903146 |
Bauer et al., 2021 [60] | Cross sectional | Poland | 810 subjects with non-diabetes | Macronutrient intake (3-day food diaries) | ––- | Fasting plasma glucose, Insulin concentrations, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β (adjusted for Age, gender, BMI, energy intake, physical activity levels) | 28.7 in TT, 28.2 in CT and 28.3 in CC | 40.9 in TT, 40.9 in CT, and 40.8 in CC | rs7901695 |
Physical activity | |||||||||
Ruchat et al., 2010 [50] | Trial | United States and Canada ( HEealth, Risk factors, exercise Training, AND Genetics (HERITAGE)) | 481 participants without of chronic diseases | Exercise Program (three times per week) | 20-week | Fasting glucose, Fasting insulin insulin sensitivity index, acute insulin response to glucose, disposition index, glucose effectiveness | 25.8 kg/m2 | 35.9 y | rs4903146 |
Alibegovic et al., 2010 [11] | Trial | Denmark | 38 healthy young Caucasian men | Bed rest | 9 days | Insulin, glucose, Intravenous glucose tolerance test (β-cell test) first-phase insulin response,, second-phase insulin secretion | 23.0 in TT/CT and 24.4 in CC | 25.6 in TT/CT and 25.2 in CC | rs7903146 |
Brito et al., 2009 [62] | Cohort | Sweden (Malmo¨ Preventive Project) | 16,003 individuals at high risk of developing chronic disease | Physical activity that assessed using computer-based questionnaire | 16 years’ mean follow-up time | Impaired glucose regulation, 2-h plasma glucose | 24.6 in physical inactive and 24.2 in physical active participants | 44.7 in physical inactive and 45.7 in physical active participants | rs7903146 |
Scott et al., 2012 [30] | All data were cross-sectional except for atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) where PA data were available at the visit 3 years before 2-h glucose measurement | USA, Finland, Switzerland, UK, Sweden, Denmark, Europe, German, British (Meta-analyses of glucose and insulin related traits consortium (MAGIC)) | 48,362 individuals with Non-diabetes and BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 | Physical activity that assessed using Different questionnaire | ––- | 2-h glucose | Not reported | Not reported | Rs12243326 |
Jung et al., 2016 [64] | Cross sectional | Korean (Genomics and Randomized Trials Network (GARNET)) | 1027 postmenopausal women | Physical activity that assessed using questionnaire, dietary intake by FFQ | –- | Insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR | Not reported | 63 to 65 in obese and non-obese women, respectively | Rs4506565 |
Smoking status | |||||||||
Wu et al., 2020 [31] | Cohort | Europe and Africa (The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)) | 97,773 participants with non-diabetes | Smoking status: ● Current or former smokers at baseline (ever smokers) ● No current or past smoking history (never smokers) | Not reported | Fasting glucose | 23.9 to 40.8 in different cohorts | 25.6 to 76.9 in different cohorts | rs4132670 rs12243326 |
Lin, 2020 [63] | Cross sectional | Taiwan | 25,460 participants aged 30–70 year | Smoking status: ● Smokers Nonsmokers | –– | Fasting glucose HbA1c | 25.4 in smokers and 24.2 in nonsmokers | 46.4 in smokers and 49.2 in nonsmokers | rs4132670 rs12243326 |