Breakfast in the Philippines: food and diet quality as analyzed from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey

Nutrition Journal

Table 2 Mean food group intake and percentage consumers at breakfast for Children by NRF 9.3 Tertiles, Philippines, 2018

Food Groups	6–12 years old (n = 13, 801)
	Mean Food Group Intake (g) ^a			P-value†	Percentage Consumer (%)^b			P-value^‡
	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3	P-value†	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertiles 3	P-value^‡
RICE	65.1 ± 1.27	68.5 ± 0.85	58 ± 0.81	< 0.001^abc	49 ± 0.01	80 ± 0.01	76 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
COOKING OIL	4.8 ± 0.18	4.3 ± 0.09	4.1 ± 0.08	0.335	26 ± 0.01	49 ± 0.01	31 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
CACAO AND CHOCOLATE BASED BEVERAGES	29.9 ± 8.69	24.4 ± 4.13	21.4 ± 0.60	0.065	1 ± 0.001	3 ± 0.003	27 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
CHICKEN EGG	24.1 ± 1.19	34.4 ± 0.63	40 ± 0.73	< 0.001^abc	6 ± 0.003	31 ± 0.01	26 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
OTHER CEREAL PRODUCTS	51.1 ± 1.03	53.8 ± 1.57	44.9 ± 1.40	< 0.001^bc	51 ± 0.01	24 ± 0.01	19 ± 0.01	< 0.001*
FRESH FISH	28.7 ± 1.76	35.5 ± 0.94	41.1 ± 1.42	< 0.001^ab	2 ± 0.002	16 ± 0.005	17 ± 0.005	< 0.001*
SUGARS	7.5 ± 0.20	6.7 ± 0.24	6.4 ± 0.25	< 0.001^ab	27 ± 0.01	21 ± 0.01	15 ± 0.005	< 0.001*
GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES	10 ± 2.20	14.5 ± 1.79	22.8 ± 1.19	< 0.001^b	0.3 ± 0.001	2 ± 0.002	14 ± 0.005	< 0.001*
OTHER VEGETABLES	25.4 ± 2.20	28.6 ± 2.19	39 ± 2.66	< 0.001^b	2 ± 0.002	8 ± 0.004	13 ± 0.005	< 0.001*
POWDERED MILK	24.6 ± 0.62	22.6 ± 0.83	21.6 ± 0.63	< 0.001^ab	11 ± 0.005	24 ± 0.01	13 ± 0.005	0.007*

^aValues are mean ± standard error
^bValues are percentage ± standard error
^†Using Analysis of Covariance adjusted for age, sex, urbanity, wealth quintiles and energy intake at breakfast using Turkey HDS posthoc pairwise comparisons; subscripts represents significant difference between ^aTertile 1 vs Tertile 2, ^bTertile 1 vs Tertile 3, and ^cTertile 2 vs Tertile 3
^‡Using Rank Biserial Correlation test; ^*significant

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