Table 2 Associations between Weight Gain Attempts and Diet Modification Efforts in the Past 12 Months among Male and Female Participants from the 2018 and 2019 International Food Policy Study (N = 42,108)

Diet modification efforts

  Consume more:^c

    Calories

3.51 (3.23–3.81)

 < .001

3.25 (2.94–3.59)

 < .001

4.05 (3.50–4.70)

 < .001

    Protein

1.35 (1.29–1.40)

 < .001

1.39 (1.32–1.47)

 < .001

1.26 (1.17–1.35)

 < .001

    Fiber

1.15 (1.10–1.21)

 < .001

1.19 (1.12–1.26)

 < .001

1.10 (1.02–1.18)

.015

    Fruits and vegetables

1.07 (1.03–1.11)

 < .001

1.12 (1.07–1.17)

 < .001

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

.834

    Whole grains

1.17 (1.12–1.23)

 < .001

1.23 (1.15–1.30)

 < .001

1.08 (0.99–1.17)

.071

    Dairy products

1.58 (1.47–1.70)

 < .001

1.61 (1.48–1.75)

 < .001

1.47 (1.30–1.66)

 < .001

    All meats

1.76 (1.65–1.87)

 < .001

1.76 (1.64–1.89)

 < .001

1.72 (1.54–1.92)

 < .001

    Red meat (e.g., beef) only

1.86 (1.73–2.00)

 < .001

1.87 (1.71–2.03)

 < .001

1.83 (1.60–2.08)

 < .001

    Fats

2.83 (2.58–3.10)

 < .001

2.71 (2.42–3.03)

 < .001

3.03 (2.58–3.55)

 < .001

    Sugar/added sugar

2.39 (2.12–2.69)

 < .001

2.24 (1.95–2.58)

 < .001

2.71 (2.18–3.36)

 < .001

    Salt/sodium

2.16 (1.92–2.43)

 < .001

2.05 (1.78–2.36)

 < .001

2.40 (1.94–2.96)

 < .001

    Processed foods

2.12 (1.91–2.38)

 < .001

1.97 (1.74–2.23)

 < .001

2.54 (2.06–3.15)

 < .001