Table 1 Participant characteristics by AAC groups
Variables | Total | No AAC (score = 0) | Mild–moderate AAC (0 < score ≤ 6) | Severe AAC (score > 6) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 2671) | (n = 1880) | (n = 550) | (n = 241) | ||
Age, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
40–49 | 742 (29.7) | 630 (35.2) | 104 (20.6) | 8 (2.8) | |
50–59 | 678 (29.2) | 536 (32.0) | 122 (26.7) | 20 (10.0) | |
60–69 | 674 (23.0) | 467 (22.5) | 155 (25.4) | 52 (22.1) | |
≥ 70 | 577 (18.0) | 247 (10.3) | 169 (27.3) | 161 (65.0) | |
Sex, n (%) | 0.588 | ||||
Men | 1291 (48.2) | 898 (48.1) | 278 (50.1) | 115 (44.5) | |
Women | 1380 (51.8) | 982 (51.9) | 272 (49.9) | 126 (55.5) | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.022 | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 1220 (72.4) | 782 (70.6) | 279 (76.0) | 159 (80.4) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 509 (9.6) | 388 (10.4) | 92 (8.1) | 29 (6.0) | |
Mexican American/Hispanic | 605 (11.3) | 467 (12.5) | 107 (8.9) | 31 (6.6) | |
Other | 337 (6.6) | 243 (6.5) | 72 (7.1) | 22 (7.0) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.57 (5.51) | 28.84 (5.78) | 27.98 (4.84) | 27.58 (4.22) | 0.001 |
Education, n (%) | 0.059 | ||||
Less than high school | 588 (14.7) | 409 (14.0) | 119 (14.7) | 60 (21.7) | |
Higher than high school | 2083 (85.3) | 1471 (86.0) | 431 (85.3) | 181 (78.3) | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Absence | 2071 (82.1) | 1515 (84.9) | 413 (80.2) | 143 (60.9) | |
Presence | 600 (17.9) | 365 (15.1) | 137 (19.8) | 98 (39.1) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Absence | 1229 (49.6) | 976 (55.5) | 209 (39.3) | 44 (21.3) | |
Presence | 1442 (50.4) | 904 (44.5) | 341 (60.7) | 197 (78.7) | |
Smoking, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Absence | 1439 (54.6) | 1083 (58.9) | 262 (45.8) | 94 (37.7) | |
Presence | 1232 (45.4) | 797 (41.1) | 288 (54.2) | 147 (62.3) | |
Total cholesterol /High density lipoprotein cholesterol | 3.86 (1.37) | 3.84 (1.38) | 3.98 (1.37) | 3.76 (1.20) | 0.185 |
Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.25 (0.30) | 4.26 (0.30) | 4.25 (0.31) | 4.20 (0.29) | 0.065 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.92 (0.39) | 0.90 (0.30) | 0.95 (0.59) | 1.03 (0.50) | 0.002 |
Serum total calcium, mg/dL | 9.46 (0.36) | 9.44 (0.36) | 9.49 (0.36) | 9.48 (0.36) | 0.361 |
Serum phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.80 (0.56) | 3.79 (0.56) | 3.77 (0.56) | 3.90 (0.58) | 0.094 |
White blood cells, 1000 cells/uL | 7.19 (2.23) | 7.13 (2.32) | 7.32 (1.97) | 7.38 (2.03) | 0.17 |
Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, nmol/L | 75.30 (29.50) | 74.54 (29.28) | 75.34 (29.51) | 82.20 (30.75) | 0.018 |
Caloric intake, kcal/day | 2014.50 (792.89) | 2036.63 (806.06) | 2021.58 (782.95) | 1790.50 (651.04) | 0.014 |
Dietary fiber, g | 17.24 (8.85) | 17.65 (9.16) | 16.64 (8.08) | 15.00 (7.37) | 0.004 |