Association between dietary choline and betaine intake and 10.6-year cardiovascular disease in adults

Nutrition Journal

Table 6 Hazard ratios (95% CI) of CVD events each 10 mg/d increase in choline and betaine content of each food category

Food category	Total choline^a	P trend	Betaine^b	P trend
Milk and dairy products
Age and sex-adjusted model	0.96 (0.91–1.01)	0.19	0.50 (0.16–1.50)	0.21
Multivariate-adjusted model	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	0.30	0.56 (0.19–1.65)	0.30
Meat
Age and sex-adjusted model	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	0.32	0.95 (0.70–1.28)	0.75
Multivariate-adjusted model	0.99 (0.94–1.06)	0.98	1.06 (0.79–1.41)	0.69
Eggs
Age and sex-adjusted model	0.98 (0.94–1.03)	0.55	0.55 (0.08–3.76)^c	0.54
Multivariate-adjusted model	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	0.90	0.73 (0.11–4.84)^c	0.74
Grains and bakery products
Age and sex-adjusted model	0.99 (0.92–1.05)	0.76	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	0.67
Multivariate-adjusted model	0.98 (0.91–1.05)	0.66	0.98 (0.93–1.03)	0.52
Fruit and vegetables
Age and sex-adjusted model	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	0.43	1.00 (0.87–1.15)	0.92
Multivariate-adjusted model	0.97 (0.81–1.16)	0.75	0.97 (0.82–1.14)	0.74
Legumes
Age and sex-adjusted model	1.07 (0.70–1.63)	0.75	1.22 (0.53–2.80)	0.62
Multivariate-adjusted model	1.14 (0.75–1.73)	0.51	1.16 (0.51–2.63)	0.71
Nuts
Age and sex-adjusted model	1.00 (0.82–1.21)	0.98	0.49 (0.04–5.42)^c	0.56
Multivariate-adjusted model	0.99 (0.81–1.21)	0.94	0.58 (0.05–6.46)^c	0.66
Fats and oils
Age and sex-adjusted model	1.09 (0.51–2.31)	0.81	1.05 (0.008–145.25)^c	0.98
Multivariate-adjusted model	1.69 (0.49–5.82)	0.40	2.02 (0.01–230.53)^c	0.77

Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted
^aFinal model were adjusted for sex, age, smoking, BMI, total energy intake, FSG, TG/HDL, meat, fruit, vegetable, and oil
^bFinal model were adjusted for sex, age, smoking, BMI, total energy intake, FSG, TG/HDL, SBP, fruit, oil, and fiber
^cHR (95% CI) was reported per 1 mg/d increase in intake of variable

ISSN: 1475-2891