Table 2 Baseline nutrient and food group intake by quartiles of energy-adjusted glycemic index (GI) of participants

Dietary GI (units/day)

48.5 ± 3.2

54.8 ± 1.3

59.7 ± 1.4

66.8 ± 3.7

< 0.001

Dietary GL (units/day)

215.7 ± 60.0

245.6 ± 55.5

248.7 ± 56.1

274.3 ± 73.2

< 0.001

Total carbohydrate (g/day)

442.3 ± 114.2

447.2 ± 102.4

416.0 ± 93.8

411.4 ± 107.0

< 0.001

Solid carbohydrates (g/day)

427.8 ± 169.4

429.6 ± 167.4

405.4 ± 148.3

389.5 ± 162.5

0.01

Liquid carbohydrates (g/day)

17.0 ± 21.2

17.7 ± 21.5

15.0 ± 21.1

41.8 ± 19.0

0.32

CQI scores

15.2 ± 2.3

13.2 ± 2.9

11.5 ± 2.5

8.7 ± 2.4

< 0.001

Energy (kcal/day)

2815.8 ± 1102.5

2796.9 ± 1017.5

2830.9 ± 1023.9

2739.7 ± 1076.5

0.79

Fiber (g/day)

47.2 ± 13.8

42.0 ± 12.3

33.8 ± 9.5

27.7 ± 9.1

< 0.001

Protein (g/day)

94.0 ± 36.1

83.6 ± 21.8

78.7 ± 22.9

75.5 ± 22.4

< 0.001

Fat (g/day)

126.8 ± 40.7

119.4 ± 38.1

125.4 ± 38.9

120.7 ± 43.8

0.13

Saturated fats (g/day)

49.8 ± 24.2

47.0 ± 21.1

50.0 ± 21.9

48.6 ± 23.8

0.46

Fruits (g/day)

828.9 ± 450.4

661.2 ± 327.5

501.2 ± 254.5

358.8 ± 218.1

< 0.001

Vegetables (g/day)

479.0 ± 273.6

381.5 ± 222.1

305.0 ± 176.7

257.6 ± 154.0

< 0.001

Red meat (g/day)

15.0 ± 14.0

16.2 ± 31.3

14.9 ± 20.6

15.8 ± 26.3

0.87

High fat dairy (g/day)

248.6 ± 165.1

222.5 ± 153.1

210.5 ± 172.4

169.0 ± 144.7

< 0.001

Low fat dairy (g/day)

121.4 ± 216.7

54.7 ± 102.1

47.8 ± 87.4

40.8 ± 90.9

< 0.001

Potatoes (g/day)

20.4 ± 25.0

24.2 ± 51.2

25.0 ± 24.2

25.0 ± 24.2

0.59

Rice (g/day)

105.9 ± 79.9

167.7 ± 90.8

221.5 ± 108.9

351.3 ± 170.4

< 0.001

Sugar (g/day)

26.3 ± 28.5

29.2 ± 23.3

31.4 ± 25.0

31.8 ± 24.8

0.07

Soft drinks (g/day)

56.5 ± 112.0

84.1 ± 143.0

68.1 ± 162.6

80.2 ± 128.0

0.12

Sweet desert (g/day)

10.6 ± 14.1

13.8 ± 21.2

12.4 ± 20.8

10.4 ± 19.4

0.17

Legumes (g/day)

71.4 ± 89.4

53.6 ± 82.5

40.6 ± 33.9

36.2 ± 32.8

< 0.001

Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

2.9 ± 0.94

2.4 ± 0.73

2.0 ± 0.55

1.7 ± 0.55

< 0.001

Folate (mcg/d)

478.9 ± 170.0

406.4 ± 148.8

338.7 ± 90.2

290.0 ± 90.7

< 0.001

Vitamin B12 (mcg/d)

6.07 ± 4.1

4.9 ± 3.4

4.0 ± 2.3

3.4 ± 2.2

< 0.001

Vitamin C (mcg/d)

376.8 ± 165.8

307.4 ± 147.2

233.7 ± 92.0

179.6 ± 90.5

< 0.001

Vitamin D (mcg/d)

3.9 ± 4.0

2.8 ± 3.2

2.5 ± 2.4

2.3 ± 2.6

< 0.001