Changes in total dairy product consumption | P-trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Decrease | Relatively stable | Increase | ||
Initial dairy intake (serving/d) | 3.2 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.2) | |
Change in dairy intake (serving/d) | −1.44 (0.85) | − 0.02 (0.90) | 1.41 (1.00) | |
Age (age) | 47.4 (11.1) | 47.8 (11.8) | 46.7 (11.2) | 0.552 |
Female (%) | 54.1 | 50.8 | 45.8 | 0.080 |
Initial body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.1 (4.9) | 29.2 (4.9) | 28.7 (4.7) | 0.275 |
Change in body mass index | 0.036 (1.4) | 0.297 (1.9) | 0.223 (1.9) | 0.331 |
Weight change | 0.60 (4.03) | 1.08 (4.18) | 0.83 (4.25) | 0.596 |
Current smoker (%) | 5.9 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 0.114 |
Hypertension (%) | 19.8 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 0.832 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 13.5 | 10.8 | 18.1 | 0.566 |
Physical activity (MET-min/wk) | 429 (54) | 394 (51) | 403 (60) | 0.627 |
Initial total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2203 (710) | 2353 (713) | 2544 (718) | < 0.001 |
Change in total energy intake (kcal/d) | 340 (1198) | −52 (901) | − 248 (1118) | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 57.6 (6.4) | 58.6 (6.2) | 60.4 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
Fat (% of total energy) | 30.6 (6.2) | 29.9 (6.2) | 28.3 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
Saturated fatty acids (% of total energy) | 10.4 (2.4) | 9.3 (2.7) | 8.9 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (% of total energy) | 10.1 (3.0) | 9.9 (3.5) | 9.6 (2.8) | 0.100 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (% of total energy) | 5.8 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.8) | 6.0 (1.9) | 0.378 |
Protein (% of total energy) | 15.2 (2.7) | 14.9 (2.7) | 14.7 (2.6) | 0.026 |
Initial low-fat dairy intake (serving/d) | 2.2 (0.8) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
Change in low-fat dairy intake (serving/d) | −0.80 (0.92) | 0.17 (1.00) | 0.83 (1.00) | < 0.001 |
Initial high-fat dairy intake (serving/d) | 1.01 (0.89) | 0.62 (0.96) | 0.53 (0.56) | < 0.001 |
Change in high-fat dairy intake (serving/d) | −0.53 (0.83) | − 0.19 (0.79) | 0.33 (0.79) | < 0.001 |
Fruit (serving/d) | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.2) | 2.6 (2.0) | 0.556 |
Change in fruit (serving/d) | −0.55 (2.45) | 0.05 (2.41) | −0.09 (2.42) | 0.044 |
Red and processed meat (serving/d) | 0.59 (0.57) | 0.66 (0.57) | 0.61 (0.57) | 0.654 |
Change in red and processed meat (serving/d) | −0.05 (0.74) | −0.06 (0.73) | 0.07 (0.77) | 0.199 |
Whole grains (serving/d) | 1.7 (2.6) | 2.1 (2.5) | 2.3 (2.5) | 0.028 |
Change in whole grains (serving/d) | 0.75 (2.66) | 1.48 (2.61) | 0.48 (2.65) | 0.741 |
Nuts (serving/d) | 0.52 (0.78) | 0.53 (0.78) | 0.56 (0.78) | 0.665 |
Change in nuts (serving/d) | 0.06 (1.03) | 0.89 (1.02) | 0.10 (1.01) | 0.870 |
Legumes (serving/d) | 0.42 (0.46) | 0.50 (0.40) | 0.53 (0.41) | 0.057 |
Change in legumes (serving/d) | 0.02 (0.32) | −0.06 (0.35) | −0.02 (0.49) | 0.348 |