Table 3 Meta-analysis characteristics of included prospective cohort studies reporting mushroom consumption and risk of all cause-mortality
Author, year (reference) | Sex | Sample size, n | Dietary assessment | Outcome assessment | Country | Study design | Mean age (y) | Total Case, n | Mortality | Mushroom consumption (quantity) | Reported effect sizes: HR/RR (95% CI) | Follow-up, y) | Covariates in the fully-adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ba et al. present study (2021) | M/F | Total:30,378 M:14,494; F:15,884 | 24-h recall | Death certificate | US | Cohort study (continuous NHANES) | 45.9 | 2855 | All-cause | Yes vs. No | HR: 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) | 13 | Age, sex, ethnicity-race, education, marital status, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol, carbohydrates, fiber, total energy intake, Healthy Eating Index-2010 score. |
Ba et al. (2021) [34] | M/F | Total: 15,546 M:7047; F:8499 | 24-h recall | Death certificate | US | Cohort study (NHANES III) | 44.3 | 5826 | All-cause | Yes vs. No | HR: 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) | 27 | Age, sex, ethnicity-race, US regions, place of residence, education attainment, marital status, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, alcohol, smoke 100+ cigarettes in life, Healthy Eating Index-2005 score. |
Otsuka et al. (2020) [36] | M/F | Total: 799 M: 386; F: 413 | 3-day dietary record | National vital statistics records | Japan | Cohort study | 68.1 | 289 | All-cause | T3 (27.6 g/d) vs T1 (0 g/d) | HR: 0.97 (0.72, 1.32) | 15.7 | Age, sex, body mass index, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, and history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus |
Leenders M et al. (2013) [35] | M/F | Total:451,151; M:129,882; F: 321,269 | FFQ, dietary history, food record | Record linkage with cancer registries, boards of health, and death indices, health insurance records, cancer and pathology registries, next of kin | European countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and UK | Cohort study | 51.2 | 25,682 | All-cause | T3 vs. T1 | HR: 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) | 13 | Age, smoking status, smoking duration, time since stopped smoking, number of cigarettes per day, alcohol, BMI, physical activity, education, processed meat, mutual adjustment between fruit and vegetables |
Iso H et al. (2007) [37] | M/F | T: 104,019; M:43,850; F:60,169 | Validated FFQ | Death rate among participants according to the responses to the diet questionnaire | Japan | Cohort study | Age 40-79 y | 16,135 | All-cause | Men ≥3 vs < 1/wk. Women ≥3 vs < 1/wk | RR: 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) RR: 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 12.7 | Age, area of study |