Table 2 Characteristics of pregnant women in relation to the changing burden of anemia among pregnant women in Tanzania
From: High burden of anemia among pregnant women in Tanzania: a call to address its determinants
Variable | Anemia in 2004–2005 | Anemia in 2015–2016 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Individual and household characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
15–19 | 126 | 65.1 | 150 | 63.9 |
20–24 | 158 | 54.3 | 153 | 54.8 |
25–29 | 169 | 62.7 | 149 | 55.3 |
30–34 | 77 | 50.6 | 87 | 52.3 |
35–39 | 57 | 52.7 | 66 | 55.7 |
40–49 | 38 | 64.6 | 33 | 67.8 |
P-Value | 0.059 | 0.264 | ||
Highest educational level | ||||
No education | 174 | 60.7 | 126 | 63.4 |
Primary | 429 | 57.4 | 411 | 56.2 |
Secondary education and above | 23 | 55.2 | 102 | 53.9 |
P-Value | 0.676 | 0.202 | ||
Current marital status | ||||
Never married | 54 | 70.6 | 59 | 59 |
Married | 547 | 57.0 | 538 | 57.4 |
Others | 25 | 63.2 | 42 | 51.9 |
P-value | 0.087 | 0.751 | ||
Use of Insecticide-treated bed nets | ||||
No bed net | 407 | 55.7 | 239 | 54.6 |
Treated bed nets | 115 | 65.2 | 37 | 49.6 |
Untreated bed nets | 103 | 61.8 | 363 | 59.8 |
P-Value | 0.145 | 0.215 | ||
Has health insurancea | ||||
No | 604 | 58.1 | ||
Yes | 35 | 44.0 | ||
P-Value | 0.040 | |||
Type of residence | ||||
Urban | 119 | 57.3 | 176 | 53.6 |
Rural | 506 | 58.4 | 463 | 58.6 |
P-Value | 0.828 | 0.187 | ||
Number of household members | ||||
1–3 | 160 | 52.4 | 146 | 51.5 |
4–6 | 233 | 57.3 | 231 | 53.1 |
7–9 | 130 | 61.4 | 146 | 63.1 |
10 + | 102 | 67.9 | 116 | 68.9 |
P-Value | 0.032 | 0.005 | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 139 | 59.4 | 153 | 57.9 |
Poorer | 136 | 57.4 | 137 | 58.1 |
Middle | 136 | 65.2 | 127 | 63.0 |
Richer | 111 | 51.0 | 119 | 56.1 |
Richest | 103 | 58.3 | 103 | 50.2 |
P-Value | 0.281 | 0.285 | ||
Food securitya | ||||
Insecure | 290 | 60.9 | ||
Secure | 349 | 54.3 | ||
P-Value | 0.077 | |||
Low Feeding Frequencya | ||||
No | 431 | 58.0 | ||
Yes | 208 | 55.4 | ||
P-Value | 0.429 | |||
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Number of children ever born | ||||
0 | 136 | 63.3 | 170 | 60.8 |
1 | 115 | 53.9 | 126 | 55.5 |
2 | 118 | 61.5 | 95 | 48.4 |
3 | 60 | 52.4 | 70 | 53.6 |
4 + | 197 | 57.7 | 178 | 62.4 |
P-Value | 0.342 | 0.088 | ||
Age at the first childbirth (years) | ||||
0–19 | 338 | 57.7 | 310 | 58.0 |
20–49 | 152 | 55.3 | 158 | 52.1 |
P-Value | 0.559 | 0.182 | ||
Gestation age at ANC booking | ||||
0–3 | 36 | 54.5 | 74 | 57.4 |
4–6 | 341 | 57.6 | 283 | 57.5 |
7–9 | 45 | 58.1 | 33 | 57.5 |
P-Value | 0.887 | 1.000 | ||
Number of ANC visit | ||||
0–3 | 177 | 62.3 | 234 | 61.7 |
4 and above | 254 | 54.2 | 167 | 53.4 |
P-Value | 0.072 | 0.060 | ||
Provision of IFA | ||||
No | 178 | 60.7 | 98 | 61.2 |
Yes | 253 | 55.0 | 304 | 57.1 |
P-Value | 0.199 | 0.456 | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
At home | 250 | 58.8 | 188 | 63.5 |
Public health facility | 154 | 56.9 | 179 | 54.8 |
Private health facility | 31 | 50.3 | 28 | 46.6 |
P-Value | 0.592 | 0.048 | ||
Deworminga | ||||
No | 161 | 61.5 | ||
Yes | 240 | 56.0 | ||
P-Value | 0.220 | |||
Antimalaria given | ||||
No | 292 | 57.6 | 149 | 63.0 |
Yes | 138 | 56.9 | 251 | 55.4 |
P-Value | 0.863 | 0.075 | ||