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Table 1 Results from a multilevel logistic regression model examining demographic characteristics and health behaviours associated with energy drink consumption among Australian secondary school students (N = 8736)

From: Energy drink consumption among Australian adolescents associated with a cluster of unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration

 

Energy drink consumption (≥1 cup/week)

 

Adjusted %

Adjusted OR

95% CI

P value

Demographic characteristics

    

 Sex

    

  Female

5.2

1.00

  

  Male

8.3

1.83

1.49–2.24

<0.001

 Year level

    

  8

6.1

1.00

  

  9

6.7

1.13

0.87–1.47

0.367

  10

8.1

1.43

1.09–1.89

0.011

  11

6.6

1.11

0.80–1.53

0.538

Socio-economic area

    

 High (least disadvantaged)

6.3

1.00

  

 Medium

7.1

1.17

0.87–1.57

0.300

 Low (most disadvantaged)

7.1

1.16

0.83–1.63

0.386

Geographic location

    

 Metropolitan

6.9

1.00

  

 Rural/regional

7.0

1.03

0.72–1.47

0.873

Weekly spending money

    

 <AUD$10

5.2

1.00

  

 AUD$10–AUD$39

6.6

1.35

1.06–1.72

0.014

 ≥AUD$40

9.0

2.03

1.60–2.57

<0.001

Health behaviours

    

 Vegetable consumption

    

  ≥2 servings/day

6.6

1.00

  

  ≤1 serving/day

7.7

1.22

1.00–1.50

0.055

 Fruit consumption

    

  ≥2 servings/day

7.3

1.00

  

  ≤1 serving/day

6.0

0.76

0.62–0.95

0.015

 Fruit juice consumption

    

  ≤3 cups/week

6.1

1.00

  

  ≥4 cups/week

8.6

1.57

1.29–1.90

<0.001

 Sugary drink consumption

    

  ≤3 cups/week

4.5

1.00

  

  ≥4 cups/week

13.7

3.81

3.12–4.66

<0.001

 Fast food consumption

    

  <1 times/week

4.9

1.00

  

  ≥1 times/week

8.6

2.00

1.62–2.45

<0.001

 Snack food consumption

    

 <14 times/week

5.9

1.00

  

  ≥14 times/week

10.4

2.08

1.69–2.56

<0.001

 Physical activity

    

  ≤4 days/week

6.9

1.00

  

  ≥5 days/week

6.9

1.00

0.83–1.21

0.981

 Sedentary recreational screen time

    

  ≤2 h/day

7.2

1.00

  

  >2 h/day

6.9

0.94

0.65–1.36

0.739

 Estimated sleep durationa

    

  Meeting recommendations

5.5

1.00

  

  Not meeting recommendations

9.8

2.10

1.74–2.53

<0.001

  1. Notes: Bolded results are statistically significant at p < 0.01. Percentages and odds ratios are adjusted for all other covariates listed in the table, school-level clustering, state/territory and school type
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, TV television
  3. aFor students aged 5 to 13 years, the recommended minimum sleep is 9 h per night, while for students aged 14 to 17 years, the recommended minimum sleep is 8 h per night [56]