Table 4 Changes in biomarkers and variables among the patients who completed the study, stratified by a decrease of 2.5 kg in body weight

FBS (mg/dl)

97.28 ± 20.10

111.52 ± 15.16

−14.33 (− 1.1 to − 27.2), 0.032

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

140.83 ± 43.16

159.66 ± 47.11

−18.23 (− 13.14 to 50.21), 0.241

TG (mg/dl)

134.34 ± 37.16

160.83 ± 59.25

− 25.52 (− 11.1 to 62.33), 0.174

LDL (mg/dl)

72.36 ± 44.16

87.44 ± 44.39

− 15.11 (− 15.1 to 45.2), 0.326

HDL (mg/dl)

42.00 ± 6.27

44.31 ± 7.59

− 2.31 (− 2.22 to 7.10), 0.353

SBP (mmHg)

113.33 ± 13.18

122.47 ± 12.16

− 9.13 (− 0.26 to 18.31), 0.056

DBP (mmHg)

78.83 ± 7.16

77.10 ± 8.10

− 0.99 (− 8.66 to 6.51), 0.794

BDI

13.50 ± 3.80

16.71 ± 4.33

− 3.21 (1.47to 6.2), 0.035

EF (٪)

41.75 ± 6.13

39.28 ± 7.23

− 2.46 (− 7.7 to 2.31), 0.301

hs-CRP (mg/dl)

1.14 ± 0.45

1.79 ± 1.25

− 0.65 (0.16 to 0.24), 0.011

MDA (mg/dl)

125.16 ± 44.16

137.00 ± 72.39

− 11.83 (− 35.1 to 59.71), 0.616

TAC (mg/dl)

219.66 ± 64.83

193.81 ± 89.50

− 25.83 (− 83.1 to 31.32), 0.367

TMAO (mmHg)

23.90 ± 10.18

26.81 ± 33.29

− 2.91 (− 16.1 to 22.2), 0.769

IL1-Beta (mmHg)

4.17 ± 1.93

5.10 ± 3.43

− 0.84 (− 1.21 to 2.94), 0.429

IL-10 (mmHg)

4.05 ± 2.11

6. 09 ± 3.99

− 2.04 (− 0.44 to 4.50), 0.101

MMP (mmHg)

10.47 ± 4.30

16.25 ± 9.75

− 5.74 (− 0.22 to 11.54), 0.059

TGF-Beta

19.50 ± 11.50

20.18 ± 10.42

− 0.77 (− 6.1 to 8.81), 0.833

Procolagen

4.17 ± 1.07

4.50 ± 1.23

− 0.32 (− 1.09 to 0.44), 0.404

LPS (mg/dl)

19.41 ± 11.42

19.68 ± 9.75

− 0.27 (− 6.7 to 7.2), 0.938

TLR4 (mg/dl)

10.11 ± 6.81

11.11 ± 6.39

− 1.00 (− 3.1 to 5.40), 0.650

L. rhamnosus (CFU)

181.66 ± 151.83

110.17 ± 123.50

−71.46 (− 161.1 to 18.2), 0.116

Bacteroid (CFU)

0.37 ± 0.27

0.28 ± 0.22

− 0.08 (− 0.24 to 0.07), 0.309

Firmicutes (CFU)

0.23 ± 0.30

0.32 ± 0.31

− 0.08 (− 0.13 to 0.30), 0.777