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Table 1 Characteristics of participants (N = 1074)

From: Increased blood alpha-carotene, all-trans-Beta-carotene and lycopene levels are associated with beneficial changes in heart rate variability: a CVD-stratified analysis in an adult population-based study

Variables

N (%) or M (IQR)

Age (years)

53.00 (45.00–62.00)

Gender (male), n (%)

465 (43.3)

Race (white), n (%)

997 (92.8)

BMI (kg/m2)

28.51 (25.22–32.85)

Ever smoker, n (%)

506 (47.1)

Number of drinking years

6.00 (2.00–23.00)

Frequency of exercises ≥3/ week, n (%)

829 (77.2)

LF-HRV (0.04–0.15 Hz)

233.20 (104.82–452.88)

HF-HRV (0.15–0.50 Hz)

126.60 (56.23–289.83)

Ever CVDs history

 Heart disease, n (%)

99 (9.2)

 Hypertension, n (%)

380 (35.4)

 TIA or stroke, n (%)

37 (3.4)

 Diabetes, n (%)

132 (12.3)

Ever chronic respiratory diseases

 Asthma, n (%)

138 (12.8)

 emphysema/COPD, n (%)

34 (3.2)

Blood analysis

 Blood Total Lutein (umol/L)

0.229 (0.159–0.339)

 Blood Zeaxanthin (umol/L)

0.055 (0.039–0.083)

 Blood beta-cryptoxanthin (umol/L)

0.163 (0.110–0.254)

 Blood 13-cis-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.054 (0.035–0.090)

 Blood alpha-carotene (umol/L)

0.063 (0.031–0.115)

 Blood All trans-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.379 (0.205–0.716)

 Blood Total Lycopene (umol/L)

0.409 (0.298–0.553)

 Blood gamma-tocopherol (umol/L)

3.050 (1.920–4.960)

 Blood alpha-tocopherol (umol/L)

25.840 (20.220–33.530)

 Blood Retinol (umol/L)

1.660 (1.310–2.050)

 Hemoglobin A1c %

5.82 (5.60–6.20)

 Fasting glucose levels mg/dL

96.00 (90.00–105.00)

 Fasting insulin levels uIU/mL

10.00 (6.00–17.00)

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

184.50 (160.00–212.00)

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

106.00 (77.00–156.25)

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

53.00 (43.00–66.00)

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

102.00 (81.00–128.00)

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.80 (0.70–1.00)

 C-reactive protein (ug/mL)

1.39 (0.68–3.60)

  1. M (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables, and n (%) for categoric variables
  2. BMI body mass index; LF-HRV Low frequency-heart rate variability; HF-HRV High frequency heart rate variability; TIA transient ischemic attack; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL high density lipoprotein; LDL low density lipoprotein