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Table 3 Characteristics of the eight studies on the effect of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on bone fractures in children and adultsa,b

From: Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author

year (Ref)

location

Study design

Sample size

Age range

Sex,

% F

Main findingc

Chen

2020 [49]

China

Cross-sectional and longitudinal study

9914

20–75 y

52

Frequency of soft drinks consuption

∙1-2times/wk.: HR 1.17 (0.81, 1.67)

∙3-4times/wk.: HR 1.13 (0.58, 2.21)

∙Almost Daily: HR 4.69 (2.80, 7.88)

Soft drinks consuption

∙< 1 L/wk.: HR 0.96 (0.75, 1.24)

∙≥1 L/wk.: HR 1.16 (0.83, 1.61)

Delshad

2020 [50]

New Zealand

Cross-sectional study

647

8–12 y

55

Boy OR 2.0 (1.0, 4.3)d

Girls OR 4.6 (2.3, 9.1)d

Fung

2014 [51]

USA

Cohort study

73,572

50 y and older

(postmenopausal women)

100

Total soda

RR 1.42 (1.15, 1.74), p = 0.0004***e

RR 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) per daily servingf

Regular soda

RR 1.37 (0.90, 2.10), p = 0.03*

RR 1.19 (1.02, 1.38) per daily serving

Diet soda

RR 1.38 (1.06, 1.81), p = 0.007**

RR 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) per daily serving

Caffeinated soda

RR 1.18 (0.82, 1.70), p = 0.02*

RR 1.15 (1.02, 1.29) per daily serving

Non-caffeinated soda

RR 1.56 (1.16, 2.09), p = 0.19

RR 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) per daily serving

Cola

RR 1.18 (0.81, 1.71), p = 0.07

RR 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) per daily serving

Non-cola

RR 1.25 (0.87, 1.79), p = 0.007**

RR 1.32 (1.08, 1.62) per daily serving

Kremer

2019 [52]

USA

Cross-sectional and cohort study

27,617

50–79 y

(postmenopausal women)

100

Total soda

∙Up to 2 serving/wk.: HR 1.03 (0.93, 1.13)

∙2.1–5 serving/wk.: HR 1.00 (0.88, 1.14)

∙5.1–14 serving/wk.: HR 1.07 (0.94, 1.23)

∙ > 14 serving/wk.: HR 1.26(1.01, 1.56)

Ma

2004 [32]

Australia

Case-control study

390

9–16 y

–

Cola drink

∙Hand OR 1.41 (0.71, 2.82)

∙Wrist and forearm OR 1.39 (1.01, 1.91), p < 0.05*

∙Upper arm OR 0.65 (0.36, 1.17)

Carbonated drink

∙Hand OR 1.11 (0.71, 1.74)

∙Wrist and forearm OR 1.14 (0.89, 1.46)

∙Upper arm OR 1.00 (0.63, 1.58)

Manias

2006 [33]

England

Case-control study

100

4–16 y

50

∙SSBs intake(L/day)

∙Non-fracture groups: 0.13 ± 0.17

∙Fracture group: 0.25 ± 0.44, p = 0.0161*g

-One fracture: 0.16 ± 0.19, p = 0.07163g

-Recurrent fractures: 0.33 ± 0.57, p = 0.0182*f, p = 0.0359*h

Petridou

1997 [53]

Greece

Case-control study

200

7-14y

26

∙Carbonated non-cola beverages: OR 1.1 (0.7, 1.8), p = 0.641

∙Cola beverages: OR 1.7 (1.2, 2.6), p = 0.007**

∙Non-carbonated beverages: OR 1.6 (1.1, 2.3), p = 0.017*

Wyshak

2000 [54]

USA

Cross-sectional study

460

14-16y

100

∙Carbonated beverages: OR 3.14 (1.45, 6.78), p = 0.004**

∙Colas: OR 2.01 (1.17, 3.43), p = 0.011*

  1. a*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. 95% CI 95% confidence interval, d day, F female, HR Hazard ratio, OR odd ratio, Ref reference, RR risk ratio, SD standard deviation, SSBs sugar-sweetened beverages, wk. week, y year
  2. bQuality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Handel’s-developed scale and assessed by two authors (HA and YKP)
  3. cValues are mean ± SD, ORs (95% CIs), RRs (95% CIs) or HRs(95% CIs)
  4. dORs for SSBs drinks and bone fractures when men and women who consumed ≥1 serving/d were compared with those consumed < 1 serving/d
  5. eRRs for SSBs drinks and hip fractures when women who consumed ≥10 serving/wk. were compared with non-consumers
  6. fRRs per serving per day (12 fluid ounces, 355 ml)
  7. gp values refer to the significance of results compared to the non-fracture group (t-test)
  8. hP values refer to the significance of results compared to the one fracture group (t-test)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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