Table 2 Characteristics of the twelve observational studies on associations between sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and bone health in adultsa,b
From: Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First author, years (Ref), location | Study design | Sample size | Age range | Sex, % F | Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption | Bone health | Main finding | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method of assessment | Types | Intake levels or categories | Method of assessment | Sites | Outcomes | ||||||
Alghadir,2015 [37] Saudi Arabia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ∙Men and women in both younger and older groups who consumed more than 3 cups of carbonated beverages per day had a significantly lower whole body BMD than did those who consumed less than 3 cups (young, M, p < 0.01; young, W, p < 0.01; old, M, p < 0.01; old, W, p < 0.01) | |
Young, M Young, W | Cross-sectional study | 100 86 | 25–30 y | 46 | Questionnaire developed by authorc | Carbonated Beverage | Low: Normald,e (< 3 cups/wk) High: High (≥3 cups/wk) | DEXA | WB | BMD | |
Old, M Old, W | 60 104 | 31–45 y | 63 | ||||||||
Cho 2008 [38] South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 229 | 18–29 y | 100 | Questionnaire developed by authorf | Carbonated Beverage | Low: Not at all High: Often (≥1 serving per day) | USM | HL | BMD SOS | ∙No difference in heel BMD T-score between women who often consumed carbonated beverages and who did not consume carbonated beverages (p = 0.07). However, SOS levels of women who often consumed carbonated beverages was lower than those of women who did not consume carbonated beverages (p = 0.03). |
Hammad 2017 [39] Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional study | 101 | 20–24.9 y | 100 | Modified FFQg | Soft drinks | Low: Rare (< 1 can/d) High: Frequent (> 3 cans/d) | QUS | HL | BMD SI | ∙Participants with frequent consumption of soft drinks had significantly lower T-scores and Z-scores for heel BMD than those with rare soft drink intake (Z-score, p = 0.02; T-score, p = 0.02). ∙Soft drink intake was inversely associated with T-score and Z-score of BMD and SI at the heel (T-score, p = 0.003; Z-score, p = 0.002; SI, p = 0.02). |
Hostmark 2011 [40] Norway | Cross-sectional study | 2126 | 30–60 y | 59 | FFQ | Soft drinks | Not reported | SEXA | DR | BMD | ∙Cola and non-cola soft drink consumption was inversely associated with distal forearm BMD (cola, p = 0.012; non-cola soft drinks, p = 0.026), whereas consumption of fruit juice was not associated with distal forearm BMD when covariates were adjusted for. |
Jeong 2010 [41] South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 160 | about 20 | 100 | Modified FFQh | Carbonated Beverage | Low: 51.3 ± 74.6 g/d High: 92.9 ± 114.1 g/d p < 0.05 | USM | HL | BMD BUA SI | ∙Women who consumed more carbonated beverages (p < 0.05) had significantly lower T-score (p < 0.001) and Z-score (p < 0.001) heel BMD, and showed significantly lower SI (p < 0.001) and BUA (p < 0.001). |
Kim 1997 [42]i USA | Cross-sectional study | 1000 | 44–98 y | 100 | Questionnaire developed by author | Carbonated Beverage | Low: Nondrinkers or occasional drinkers High: Drinkers (≥1 serving per day) | DEXA | LS, TH DR, MR | BMD | ∙No difference in BMD at the distal radius, mid-shaft radius, total hip, or lumbar spine was observed between women who drank or did not drink/ occasionally drank carbonated beverages. |
Kim 2020 [43] South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 2499 | 12–25 y | 51 | Dietary records | Cola | Low: Non-cola drinker High: Cola drinker | DEXA | WB, WF FN, LS | BMD | ∙No difference in BMD at the whole body, whole femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine was observed between participants who drank or did not drink carbonated beverage. |
Kristensen 2005 [44] Denmark | Intervention study | 11 | 22–29 y | 0 | – | Cola | 2.5 L/d, during 10 days | – | Serum | OC, ALP, CTx, NTx | ∙High consumption of cola over a 10-day period with a low-calcium diet reduced serum levels of OC. High intake of cola increased bone turnover compared to high intake of milk. |
Pettinato 2006 [45] USA | Cross-sectional study | 151 | 11–26 y | 53 | Modified FFQ | Soda | Girls: 2.1 ± 3.1 Boys: 1.1 ± 1.5, p = 0.012, cups/d | QUS | DR | SOS | ∙Inverse correlation found between non-diet soda and the radical SOS at forearm in girls (p = 0.002), but not in boys. |
Supplee 2011 [46] USA | Cross-sectional study | 438 | 18 y< | 100 | FFQ | Soda | 1.7 servings/d | QUS | HL | BMD | ∙Soda consumption in the unadjusted model was positively and significantly associated with BMD (p < 0.0001). In the fully-adjusted model, however, soda consumption was no longer associated with BMD. |
Tucker 2006 [47] USA | Cross-sectional study | 2538 | 30–87 y | 56 | FFQ | Soft drinks | Not reported | DEXA | TH, TC FN, WA | BMD | ∙Soft drink intake was associated with significantly lower BMD at each hip site (TH, p < 0.01; TC, p < 0.01; FN, p < 0.001; WA, p < 0.001) in women but not in men. |
Yeon 2009 [48] South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 133 | 18–23 y | 100 | Dietary records | Coffee with syrup or sugar | Low: 95.8 ± 163.5 g/d High: 194.5 ± 168.6 g/d, p < 0.05 | USM | HL | BMD | ∙No difference was observed in heel BMD between groups that consumed different amounts of beverages and coffee with sugar/syrup. |